JURISPRUDENCIA AMBIENTAL EN CATALUÑA

JURISPRUDENCIA AMBIENTAL EN CATALUÑA (pp. 2-5)—JURISPRUDÈNCIA AMBIENTAL A CATALUNYA (pp.6-10

La Planificación hidrológica de cuenca como instrumento de ordenación ambiental sobre el territorio

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaLa tesis doctoral que aquí se resume estudia la coordinación de los diferentes planes administrativos que tienen entre sus objetivos principales la protección directa del medio físico (planes de ordenación del territorio, de urbanismo, de los espacios naturales y la planificación hidrológica de cuenca), con el objetivo de demostrar que las deficiencias que presenta el sistema de coordinación entre los planes estudiados han de corregirse principalmente a través de la consideración de la planificación hidrológica de cuenca como un instrumento esencial para articular la integración y coordinación de las diferentes planificaciones ambientales que ordenan de manera directa el medio físico y, así, contribuir a materializar el mandato constitucional a los poderes públicos de velar «por la utilización racional de todos los recursos naturales, con el fin de proteger y mejorar la calidad de vida y defender y restaurar el medio ambiente» (artículo 45.2). El artículo 25.4 del Texto Refundido de la Ley de Aguas (en adelante TRLA), establece con relación a las cuencas hidrográficas intercomunitarias la necesidad de un informe previo emitido por las Confederaciones Hidrográficas cuando los planes, que las Comunidades Autónomas han de aprobar en ejercicio de sus competencias de ordenación del territorio y urbanismo, afecten al régimen y aprovechamiento de las aguas continentales o a los usos permitidos en terrenos de dominio público hidráulico y en sus zonas de servidumbre o policía, teniendo en cuenta a estos efectos lo previsto en la planificación hidrológica de cuenca. Aparte de considerar este informe previo como un instrumento insuficiente para garantizar la incorporación efectiva de los condicionamientos relativos a la protección física del demanio hídrico y a la garantía de su utilización en los planes de ordenación del suelo, constatamos que éste mecanismo coordinador no ha funcionado, debido a que la remisión reglamentaria que realiza el artículo citado para la determinación de los plazos y supuestos en que se tenía que evacuar el informe no se ha llegado a materializar, y a que, además, se establecía que a falta de emisión del informe en el plazo indicado éste se entendía favorable. Confirma nuestra posición, sobre la insuficiencia del mecanismo de coordinación establecido, el hecho de que pocas semanas antes de depositar esta tesis se reformara parcialmente el artículo 25.4 del TRLA, en el sentido de intentar reforzar el papel del informe, estableciendo la necesidad de un pronunciamiento expreso de la Confederación Hidrográfica sobre la existencia o inexistencia de recursos cuando los actos o planes de las Comunidades Autónomas o de las entidades locales comporten nuevas demandas de recursos hídricos, y cambiando el sentido del informe a desfavorable si no se emite en el plazo establecido al efecto. A pesar de que esta modificación supone una mejora, a nuestro juicio la reforma se ha quedado a medio camino porque el informe aún carece de la fuerza necesaria para garantizar la efectiva incorporación e integración de los condicionamientos protectores del demanio. En cambio, el mecanismo coordinador que proponemos, en concreto la necesidad de que el informe resulte vinculante, sí que se prevé en el resto de la normativa sectorial relativa a la protección del demanio público natural ante la planificación de los usos del suelo. Por ejemplo: en la Ley 22/1988, de Costas; en la Ley 43/2003, de Montes; y en la Ley 27/1992, de Puertos de Estado y de la Marina Mercante. Por otro lado, el TRLA tendría que ampliar los supuestos materiales cuya afectación por la planificación de los usos del suelo requiera, como mínimo, un informe previo y operativo de la Confederación Hidrográfica. Nos referimos: a la afectación de las zonas inundables delimitadas en los planes; a los perímetros que se establecen para proteger a las aguas subterráneas frente a la degradación y contaminación; y a las zonas protegidas contempladas en los planes hidrológicos por determinación de la propia planificación de cuenca. Este déficit de coordinación también podría solucionarse mediante la introducción de una norma de prevalencia que disponga la preeminencia de las determinaciones de los planes hidrológicos de cuenca sobre los instrumentos de ordenación del territorio y urbanismo. Por último, y para reforzar nuestra tesis, mostramos todas las características y circunstancias que otorgan a la planificación hidrológica de cuenca una posición preeminente y cualificada para ejercer un papel esencial como instrumento integrador y coordinador de la planificación dirigida a la protección del medio físico.The Doctoral Thesis summarized here studies the mechanism for coordinating the various administrative plans aimed partly at protecting the environment (land regulation, urban planning, natural space planning and basin hydrological planning). We show that the deficiencies in this mechanism should be corrected mainly by regarding basin hydrological planning as essential to integrating and coordinating the environmental plans that directly regulate the physical environment. This would also enable public authorities to uphold their constitutional mandate to "safeguard a rational use of all natural resources with a view to protecting and improving the quality of life and preserving and restoring the environment", as outlined in section 45.2 of the Spanish Constitution. With reference to Spain's inter-regional hydrographic basins, section 25.4 of the revised National Water Law (Texto Refundido de la Ley de Aguas; hereafter TRLA) established the need for a preliminary report by the River Basin Authorities (Confederaciones Hidrográficas) that should take into account provisions included in basin hydrological planning and be issued when the administrative plans, which must be approved by Spain's autonomous communities in the exercise of their competence in the regulation of land and urban development, affect "the continental water system and its use, or the permitted uses of land of the hydraulic public domain and its areas of access or control". In our opinion, this preliminary report is not sufficient to ensure the implementation of the mechanisms for protecting the hydraulic public domain or their use in plans for land regulation. We also believe that this mechanism has failed, first because the regulatory reference cited in section 25.4 of the TRLA to determine the deadlines and conditions for the report's issue has not materialized and, second, because it was established that if the report were not issued within the period stipulated, it would be considered favourable. Our opinion is supported by the fact that, only a few weeks before this thesis was deposited, section 25.4 of the TRLA was partially revised. The aim of this revision was to strengthen the role of the preliminary report, first by establishing the need for an express declaration from the River Basin Authorities on the existence or non-existence of resources when the acts or plans of the autonomous communities or local authorities imply new demands for hydraulic resources and, second, by changing the conclusion of the report from favourable to unfavourable if it not issued within the stipulated time period. We agree that this change is an improvement but, in our opinion, the revision only goes half way, since the report still lacks the strength to guarantee the effective incorporation and integration of the mechanisms for protecting the hydraulic public domain. On the other hand, the coordination mechanism we propose, and specifically the need for the report to be made binding, is foreseen in the regulations of other sectors governing the protection of the natural public domain against land use planning. See, for example, the Coastal Law of 1988 (Ley 22/1988 de Costas), the Forest Law of 2003 (Ley 43/2003 de Montes) and the State Ports and Merchant Marine Law of 1992 (Ley 27/1992 de Puertos de Estado y de la Marina Mercante). We also believe that the TRLA should extend the list of situations that require an operative report from the River Basin Authorities if an area is affected by land use planning. Here, we are referring to floodable areas whose boundaries are outlined in the plans, perimeters established to protect subterranean waters against degradation and contamination, and protected areas included in hydrological plans upon decisions taken with respect to basin hydrological planning. This low level of coordination could also be improved by the introduction of a prevalence rule to give priority to basin hydrological plans over instruments for regulating land and urban planning. Finally, to support our thesis, we describe the characteristics and circumstances that have given basin hydrological planning a privileged and qualified position in which to play a key role in the protection of the physical environment

Análisis del régimen disciplinario de los estudiantes universitarios. Especial referencia a los comportamientos fraudulentos y al plagio, en particular

En este trabajo se parte del análisis de cuestiones fundamentales de nuestro ordenamiento que afectan al objeto de este estudio, como son las exigencias de nuestro sistema sancionador, para poder abordar el examen de la normativa disciplinaria universitaria en relación a cuestiones muy concretas como son los comportamientos fraudulentos, en general, y el plagio, en particular. El análisis realizado no solo se limita a la normativa estatal dictada, al respecto, sino que aborda, también, la respuesta normativa que han dado las diferentes universidades públicas a esta cuestión. Finalmente, detectadas una serie de prescripciones poco acordes con nuestro ordenamiento, se realizan una serie de propuestas para mejorar la normativa estatal y la de las diferentes universidades.En aquest treball es parteix de l'anàlisi de qüestions fonamentals del nostre ordenament que afecten a l'objectiu d'aquest estudi, com són les exigències del nostre sistema sancionador, per poder abordar l'examen de la normativa disciplinària universitària en relació amb qüestions molt concretes com són els comportaments fraudulents, en general, i el plagi, en particular. L'anàlisi realitzada no només es limita a la normativa estatal dictada, sobre aquest àmbit, sinó que aborda, també, la resposta normativa que han donat les diferents universitats públiques a aquesta qüestió. Finalment, detectades una sèrie de prescripcions poc conformes amb la nostra ordenació, es realitzen una sèrie de propostes per millorar la normativa estatal i la de les diferents universitats.This article analyses key aspects of Spain’s legislation covering the object of study, such as the requirements of our penalty system, so as to be in a position to examine universities’ disciplinary regulations with regard to certain very specific issues, such as fraudulent behaviour in general and plagiarism in particular. The analysis performed is not restricted solely to Spanish state regulations issued on the matter, but also tackles the regulatory responses provided by different public universities to the issue. Finally, after detecting a series of stipulations out of keeping with Spanish law, a series of proposals are made for improving both Spanish legislation and the regulations of different universities

Jurisprudencia ambiental en Catalunya

Jurisprudencia ambiental en Cataluny

Jurisprudencia ambiental en Catalunya

Jurisprudencia ambiental en Cataluny

Carbon Dioxide Human Gains—A New Approach of the Estimation

Human health is dependent on the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) of residential and public buildings, where people spend a substantial amount of time. Part of IAQ parameters, like temperature or humidity influence the thermal comfort of users, whereas too high carbon dioxide concentration (CO2) could cause various complaints or diseases. In buildings like offices and schools, where we have a brush with a high density of users, the main source of CO2 is simply people. The type of their activity brings higher or lower carbon dioxide gains, that must be taken into account to design and properly use room ventilation, allowing recommended CO2 levels not to be exceeded. This paper presents an approach to marking human CO2 generation off by using an experimental method. The method was verified based on measuring results of six test series conducted in different types of rooms at Bialystok University of Technology (Poland) during lectures, meetings, projects and laboratories. Carbon dioxide gains were comparable with an average value of 0.0045 L/s, which corresponds to theoretical CO2 generation rates that are symptomatic of males and females, between 16 and 30 years old, with low physical activity

Roles and groups dynamic as a systematic approach to improve collaborative learning in classroom

University degrees currently have aspects in their curriculum such as the need to develop the students’ abilities regarding teamwork, interpersonal skills and problems solving. For this reason, when making educational programming, the use of methodologies that include activities that encourage active student participation, can be of a great help. The proposal of Groups and Roles that is showed is based on the principles of active methodologies, in which the student takes an active role in their learning process, promoting a model that encourages him/her to reflect, analyze, draw conclusions, etc., seeking his/her involvement and commitment to make this process more formative. This work shows the results obtained after the application of this methodology in the lectures of the subjects from 1st, 2nd and 3rd Degree in Industrial Design and Product Development Engineering at the University of Zaragoza. With the development of these activities, the following aims have been achieved: detecting the mayor learning difficulties for the students; implementing the link between the contribution of contents of the subject, under study, and the further professional development of the students; developing students’ creativity; encouraging the awareness towards quality within work; developing skills in interpersonal relations and increasing motivation at work. This dynamics even though it has required an important degree of involvement, both by students and teachers, has been a positive and enriching experience

Enlightened Female Networks: Gendered Ways of Producing Knowledge (1720-1830)

This special issue investigates women's scientific networks in Europe roughly between 1720 and 1830, an interesting period from a gender point of view. The articles analyse the role that networks played in enabling, shaping and circumscribing women in their intellectual pursuits, social aspirations and ideals. They also focus on the nature of the members' relationships, how women negotiated their scientific identities and how often women could use their femininity to create new social spaces for themselves and their families. We traced different types of networks such as 'paper', 'technical', 'distant' (in its special and temporal sense), 'moral' and 'mixed', as well as how many of these networks were characterized by broad intellectual engagement that was never exclusively scientific, but also literary, poetic, educational and philosophic

Development of a rapid LC-MS/MS Method for the determination of emerging fusarium mycotoxins enniatins and beauvericin in human biological fluids

A novel method for the simultaneous determination of enniatins A, A1, B and B1 and beauvericin, both in human urine and plasma samples, was developed and validated. The method consisted of a simple and easy pretreatment, specific for each matrix, followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) and detection by high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry with an electrospray ion source. The optimized SPE method was performed on graphitized carbon black cartridges after suitable dilution of the extracts, which allowed high mycotoxin absolute recoveries (76%-103%) and the removal of the major interferences from the matrix. The method was extensively evaluated for plasma and urine samples separately, providing satisfactory results in terms of linearity (R² of 0.991-0.999), process efficiency (>81%), trueness (recoveries between 85% and 120%), intra-day precision (relative standard deviation, RSD < 18%), inter-day precision (RSD < 21%) and method quantification limits (ranging between 20 ng·L(-)¹ and 40 ng·L(-)¹ in plasma and between 5 ng·L(-)¹ and 20 ng·L(-)¹ in urine). Finally, the highly sensitive validated method was applied to some urine and plasma samples from different donors

Uso de neumocitos de tipo II en el tratamiento de enfermedades pulmonares asociadas con fibrosis pulmonar

Se describe el empleo de neumocitos tipo II como agentes inhibidores de la proliferación de fibroblastos, por lo que pueden ser utilizados en la elaboración de un medicamento para el tratamientode enfermedades pulmonares que cursan con fibrosis pulmonar.Peer reviewedConsejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (España)T3 Traducción de patente europe