Les restes culinaires de Cuccuru is Arrius (Oristano, Sardaigne): nouveaux apports à la connaissance des économies néolithiques en domaine littoral

Although considered a real crossroad on the route of the first waves of migration of Neolithic societies, until now Sardinia has delivered very little data about these colonisation processes. Situated in the Gulf of Oristano, on the western coast of the island, the Middle Neolithic locus of the site of Cuccuru is Arrius thus constitutes a precious archaeological record for a better understanding of settlement modes in the Tyrrhenian Islands. This paper more particularly attempts to report economic characteristics of these first occupations of Sardinia, based on archaeozoological remains

Hurricanes and climate in the Caribbean during the past 3700 years BP

International audienceA multiproxy analysis of lacustrine sediments cored in Grand-Case Pond at Saint-Martin, north of the Lesser Antilles archipelago, reveals three distinct climatic periods for the last 3700 years. From 3700 to ~2500 yr cal. BP and from 1150 yr cal. BP to the present, carbonate mud deposition occurred in connection with pond lowstands. These periods were also punctuated by severe drought events, marked by gypsum laminae, and hurricane landfalls, leading to marine sand inputs into the pond. The intermediate time interval, from 2500 to 1150 yr cal. BP, is typified by black organic mud deposition, suggesting that hypoxic to anoxic conditions prevailed at the pond bottom. These were probably linked with a perennial pond highstand and reflect more uniform and wetter climatic conditions than today. The carbon isotopic composition of the ostracod Perissocytheridea bisulcata shows that the lowest δ13C values are recorded during the hypoxic periods, as a consequence of bacterial recycling of isotopically depleted organic matter. Such a climatic history agrees closely with that documented from other records in the Caribbean area, such as the Cariaco Basin, central coast of Belize or Barbados. By constrast, discrepancies seem to emerge from the comparison between hurricane activity recorded at Saint-Martin on the one hand and Vieques (Puerto Rico) on the other hand. We explain this apparent contradiction by a balance between two distinct storm paths in response to latitudinal shifts of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). Stronger storm activity over the Gulf coast and the inner Caribbean Sea is favoured by a southern position of the ITCZ in connection with dry climatic conditions. Plausible links with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) are also suggested

Interim 2017/18 influenza seasonal vaccine effectiveness: Combined results from five European studies

Between September 2017 and February 2018, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, A(H3N2) and B viruses (mainly B/Yamagata, not included in 2017/18 trivalent vaccines) co-circulated in Europe. Interim results from five European studies indicate that, in all age groups, 2017/18 influenza vaccine effectiveness was 25 to 52% against any influenza, 55 to 68% against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, -42 to 7% against influenza A(H3N2) and 36 to 54% against influenza B. 2017/18 influenza vaccine should be promoted where influenza still circulates

Comparing hydrocracking models : continuous lumping vs. single events.

International audienceDevelopment of models for industrial hydrocrackers has received a great amount of attention by the scientific community over the past decades. Two fundamentally different modelling approaches are compared in this paper: a continuous lumping model with three families (paraffins, naphthenes, and aromatics) and a single events microkinetic model. The aim is to demonstrate the differences in the capabilities of the two modelling frameworks. Both models are capable of simulating experimental data from hydrocracking of a pre-treated Vacuum Gas Oil in a pilot plant at industrial conditions. The continuous lumping model provides better results of the macroscopic effluent characteristics, such as yield structure and PNA (Paraffin, Naphthene, Aromatic) distribution in the middle distillate cut. It requires only the feed SIMDIS (Simulated Distillation) and PNA composition to be known. The single events model, on the other hand, provides information which is not available in a simple continuous lumping model. An analysis of the reaction kinetics of paraffins and mono-naphthenes is performed to demonstrate this aspect. The single events model is far more complex and computationally expensive than the continuous lumping model. In conclusion, the two approaches should be considered complementary rather than competitive. In conjunction, they can be used to balance the drawbacks of each individual modelling approac

Expérience pilote de Landivisiau : rapport final

The Kerouallon watershed has been monitored by the Cemagref in Rennes and by the EDE of the Finistere department since 1994. Agricultural practices (techniques by plot, animal farming practices by farm), soil and water measurements at the outlet are needed for an accurate diagnosis of pollutions of agricultural origin in water. Modifications of practices are suggested; their consequences on the environment and the management of agricultural farms have been evaluated. A general approach is outlined. This report describes the results and analyzed in July 1996. It is aimed at the Urban community of Brest and at the European Union (Life contract). / Le bassin versant de Kerouallon est suivi par le Cemagref de Rennes et l'EDE du Finistère depuis 1994. L'enregistrement des pratiques agricoles (itinéraires techniques par parcelles, pratiques d'élevage par atelier), les mesures dans les sols et l'eau à l'exutoire, permettent un diagnostic précis des pollutions d'origine agricole dans l'eau. Des modifications de pratiques sont proposées ; leurs conséquences sur l'environnement et la gestion des exploitations agricoles sont évaluées. Une démarche de généralisation des résultats est esquissée. Ce rapport fait le point des résultats obtenus et analysés en juillet 1996. Il est destiné à la Communauté Urbaine de Brest et l'Union Européenne (contrat Life)

Bassin versant de Kerouallon : diagnostic de risques de pollutions d'origine agricole. Contrat de baie Rade de Brest. Rapport final 1994

The Kerouallon pilot-watershed has been monitored by the Cemagref. The objective is to estimate the impact of agricultural practices on superficial freshwater quality. After one year of monitoring, a diagnosis of the pollution risks of agricultural origin was established. It covers animal houses, agricultural practices, technical itineraries per plot, and the receiving environment. The predominant influence of animal farming practices on animal waste and excess nutrients on the watershed is demonstrated. / Le bassin versant pilote de Kerouallon est suivi par le Cemagref, avec comme objectif d'évaluer l'impact de pratiques agricoles sur la qualité des eaux douces superficielles. Après un an de suivi, un diagnostic des risques de pollution d'origine agricole est établi. Il porte sur les bâtiments d'élevage, les pratiques agricoles, les itinéraires techniques par parcelle, le milieu récepteur. L'influence prépondérantes des pratiques d'élevage sur le rejets des animaux et l'excédent de nutriments sur le bassin est mis en évidence

Application de la modélisation numérique à l'évaluation sur le long terme des effets des pratiques agricoles sur les flux et concentration d'azote dans l'eau et dans l'atmosphère à l'échelle de trois bassins versants d'élevage

L'objectif de l'étude est de déterminer le niveau de concentration en nitrate dans les eaux de surface et le niveau des émissions gazeuses d'azote (N20, N2, NH3) que l'on peut atteindre par l'adoption d'une meilleure gestion environnementale de l'épandage des effluents d'élevage. Les sites d'application sont trois petits bassins versants d'élevage de l'Ouest de la France. Nous avons utilisé pour cela un système d'information à références spatiales (SIRS) interfacé avec des logiciels constructeurs de jeu de données à partir de scénarios et un modèle agro-hydrologique distribué continu. Les résultats montrent sur chaque site que le total annuel de l'azote perdu dans l'eau sous forme de nitrate et dans l'atmosphère sous forme de di-azote et de protoxyde d'azote est du même ordre de grandeur que l'excédent annuel du bilan minéral de l'azote. Le coefficient moyen d'émission de N2O par rapport aux apports est significativement plus élevé que les coefficients généralement utilisés pour l'évaluation de ces pertes. Les flux totaux d'azote émis dans l'atmosphère sont quantitativement aussi élevés dans les sols de la zone insaturée que dans les zones humides de fond de vallée. Les stratégies d'optimisation les plus simples et les plus acceptables au premier abord par les agriculteurs ont une efficacité d'environ 25 % au bout de 21 ans pour la réduction des concentrations dans l'eau, ce qui en général conduit à repasser en dessous de 50 NO3 mg l-1 mais ne suffit pas pour atteindre 25 mg l-1 au bout de 21 ans. La mise en oeuvre des modifications provoque aussi une réduction des flux d'azote dans l'at¬mosphère de 12 à 20 % par rapport aux pratiques actuelles. Le temps nécessaire pour atteindre ces résultats est au moins de 10 ans. Il paraît que l'évaluation d'une filière de gestion environnementale des effluents doit prendre en compte des temps de quelques dizaines d'année. Elle doit aussi tenir compte des usages du sol et des caractéristiques agronomiques et hydrodynamiques du territoire d'épandage, sinon il sera impossible d'évaluer les risques de reports de pollution et la « durabilité » des nouveaux systèmes proposés. / The aim of this paper is to estimate the level of nitrogen emissions (into the air and water compart¬ments) that can result from the adoption of alternative farming practices and manure management. The modelling has been tested on three breeding watershed in the Western part of France. The framework that we developed includes a GIS connected with, on the one side, softwares which design scenarios for farming practices and on the other side a continuously distributed agro-hydrological model. The results on these three watersheds emphasize that the total annual nitrogen load that is emitted into the air (N2 and N2O) and into the water (nitrate) has the same magnitude than the annual mineral N surplus. The model has estimated the mean emission index for N2O at a 5 % of the inputs level, which is significantly higher than the coefficients that are usually used for these emissions. The total loads into the atmosphere are as important from cultivated soils on the unsaturated area in the watersheds than from riparian areas. Management strategies that are the simplest and the more likely to be accepted by the farmers have proven to decrease the total N loads at the outlet of the watershed by 25 % after 21 simulated years. For the studied watershed, this decrease is high enough to attain nitrate concentrations below 50 mg/l, but not below 25 mg/l. The optimised management strategies reduce the emissions into the air from 12 to 20 % when compared to the current farming practices. The model predicts that these results cannot be attained before at least 10 years of improved management. As a consequence, the environmental evaluation of better management practices requests at least some ten years. Evaluating the sustainability of the newly designed systems also request to consider at the same time the use of soil and the agronomic and hydrodynamic characteristics of the system. In other words, the risks of pollution displacements from one compartment to the other have to be evaluated too

Saint-Martin (Antilles), Ostracodes et milieux actuels. Données générales

This paper gives a check-list of the ostracodes of the main environments of the Saint-Martin island. We observe a clear contrast between marine open environments with diversified perireefal and phytal fauna and a lagoonal fauna, poorly diversified, often very rich, variable in function of the closure.Peer Reviewe