Is the error-reaction time correlation in category verification tasks evidence of fuzzy limits in categories?

This thesis attempts to review evidence supporting a positive error-reaction time correlation in category verification tasks. All reviewed models predict that categorization errors will increase when the time needed to make a membership judgement increases. This is explained either as a result of the structure of categories (e.g., as another manifestation of category fuzziness), or as a product of the category verification process (e.g., attributed in general memory models to the random nature of the retrieval process). Two specific models that attempt to explain the correlation were tested. One that assumes the correlation is the result of incomplete or inconsistent concept retrieval when subjects are under speed emphasis conditions, and other that assumes the correlation is not a psychological phenomenon, but the result of grouping data across subjects (the common data gathering procedure in the field). Results support this latter explanation of the error-reaction time correlation. It is shown that if the effect of intersubject disagreement in category membership judgements over errors is statistically controlled, the correlation significantly decreases for both categories used. The reduction in the calculated correlation is such that for one category (furniture) the magnitude of the effect is not significantly different from zero, and for the other (vehicle) it accounts for a mere 6% of the variance of categorization errors. The implications for models of category membership decisions are discussed, and a two stage model of the process that does not predict the correlation (but that can explain its rise when accumulated data is used) is suggested

The Role of Function in Categories

In the psychological literatures on function, four issues have been important: (1) whether function can be a core property of the concepts that represent categories, (2) whether categories based primarily on function provide support for inductive inference, (3) whether functions guide object naming in children, (4) whether function is best understood as affordances or as design history. In these debates, function is often viewed as an independent unitary property that can exist independently of an object’s physical structure. We propose instead that function is a complex relational system that links physical structure, settings, action, and design history. Furthermore we show that viewing function this way resolves discrepancies in the empirical literatures that address it. In particular we find that function achieves its greatest importance when subjects understand the complex relational systems that underlie it. When subjects do not understand these systems, function’s role in classification, inductive inference, and naming decreases. Viewing function as a complex relational system highlights the need for future explorations into its conceptual structure

Categorizing perceived causal events

Over the last few decades, Causal Model Theory (CMT) has become a dominant framework for human causal-based reasoning, including categorization and inference. CMT prescribes how people should reason about probabilistic events in terms of causal models. In typical causal-based categorization experiments, subjects are provided with verbal descriptions of causally linked features, generally including probabilistic information. Another line of research focuses on perceived or experienced causal events, rather than on verbal descriptions. In this work we asked whether effects which are consistent with CMT, and that have been obtained with verbal descriptions, generalize to visually perceived events. In two experiments, we presented subjects with videos of a 3D A→B causal event rather than verbal descriptions. In Exp. 1, we found that subjects who saw the causal event did not show the coherence effect in categorization (i.e., subjects tend to rate the null ¬A¬B event as a category member). However, subjects who did see the null event during training did show the effect. In Exp. 2, we ruled out the possibility that Exp. 1’s results were simply an effect of how frequently events were experienced during training. We conclude that a one-shot perceived causal event is not sufficient for people to show causal-based reasoning as CMT predicts

Aplicação do modelamento baseado em agentes no estudo dos estereótipos de gênero

Gender stereotypes are sets of characteristics that people believe to be typically true of a man or woman. We report an agent-based model (ABM) that simulates how stereotypes disseminate in a group through associative mechanisms. The model consists of agents that carry one of several different versions of a stereotype, which share part of their conceptual content. When an agent acts according to his/her stereotype, and that stereotype is shared by an observer, then the latter’s stereotype strengthens. Contrarily, if the agent does not act according to his/ her stereotype, then the observer’s stereotype weakens. In successive interactions, agents develop preferences, such that there will be a higher probability of interaction with agents that confirm their stereotypes. Depending on the proportion of shared conceptual content in the stereotype’s different versions, three dynamics emerge: all stereotypes in the population strengthen, all weaken, or a bifurcation occurs, i.e., some strengthen and some weaken. Additionally, we discuss the use of agent-based modeling to study social phenomena and the practical consequences that the model’s results might have on stereotype research and their effects on a communityUn estereotipo de género es un conjunto de características asociadas a hombres o mujeres. Este trabajo reporta un modelo basado en agentes (MbA) que simula la forma en que dichos estereotipos se difunden en una comunidad mediante mecanismos asociativos. El modelo consta de agentes con diferentes versiones de un estereotipo, que comparten una proporción de su contenido conceptual. Cuando un agente observa a otro que actúa estereotipadamente, si coincide con su propio estereotipo, este se fortalece. Contrariamente, si el agente no actúa estereotipadamente, el observador debilita su estereotipo. En interacciones sucesivas, los agentes desarrollan preferencias, pues hay una mayor probabilidad de interacción con agentes que confirman los estereotipos de un agente. Dependiendo de la proporción de contenido conceptual compartido entre agentes, emergieron tres dinámicas: fortalecimiento, debilitamiento de todos los estereotipos o bifurcación, es decir, fortalecimiento de unos y debilitamiento de otros. Además se discuten la aplicación del MbA al estudio de fenómenos sociales y las consecuencias prácticas que podrían tener los resultados del MbA en la comprensión de la difusión de estereotipos y su efecto en una comunidad.Um estereótipo de gênero é o conjunto de características associadas com homens ou mulheres. Este trabalho relata um modelo baseado em agentes (MbA) para simular como estes estereótipos são disseminadas em uma comunidade através de mecanismos associativos. O modelo consiste em agentes com diferentes versões de um estereótipo, que compartilham uma parte do seu conteúdo conceitual. Quando um agente observa outra ação estereotipada, se ela corresponde ao seu próprio estereótipo, é então fortalecida. Por outro lado, se o agente não age de forma estereotipada, o observador enfraquece seu estereótipo. Nas interações subsequentes, os agentes desenvolvem preferências, já que há uma maior probabilidade de interação com os agentes que confirmam os estereótipos de um agente. Dependendo da proporção de conteúdo conceitual compartilhada entre os agentes emergiram três dinâmicas: fortalecimento, enfraquecimento de todos os estereótipos ou bifurcação, ou seja, fortalecendo de alguns e enfraquecimento de outros. Além disso realizamos uma breve discussão sobre a aplicação de MbA para o estudo dos fenômenos sociais e as consequências práticas que poderiam ter os resultados do MbA na compreensão da difusão de estereótipos e seu efeito em uma comunidade

The influence of controlled processes reasoning with Theory of Mind (ToM) in children with and without intellectual disabilities

La capacidad o mecanismo tácito de atribuir estados mentales a los otros y a uno mismo, con el objeto de anticipar, comprender y predecir la conducta, es conocida como Teoría de la Mente (ToM). Parte de la discusión se centra en comprender si este razonamiento es un proceso independiente o subordinado a los procesos ejecutivos de control consciente. En esta investigación se analiza el efecto de las funciones ejecutivas de control consciente en tareas de razonamiento con ToM, en niños con y sin discapacidad intelectual. La muestra la constituyen 30 niños con discapacidad intelectual y 20 niños sin discapacidad intelectual. Se hipotetizó que la habilidad para responder las preguntas de control, una operacionalización de las funciones ejecutivas de control consciente, se asocia más a las tareas de segundo orden que a las de primer orden, ya que estas requieren mayor carga representacional. Los resultados obtenidos, sugieren que los procesos de control consciente no sólo se asocian a las tareas que requieren una mayor carga representacional, sino a todas las tareas que requieren razonar con estados mentales, sean ellos de primer o segundo orden

La influencia de los procesos controlados en el razonamiento con Teoría de la Mente (ToM) en niños con y sin discapacidad intelectual

La capacidad o mecanismo tácito de atribuir estados mentales a los otros y a uno mismo, con el objeto de anticipar, comprender y predecir la conducta, es conocida como Teoría de la Mente (ToM). Parte de la discusión se centra en comprender si este razonamiento es un proceso independiente o subordinado a los procesos ejecutivos de control consciente. En esta investigación se analiza el efecto de las funciones ejecutivas de control consciente en tareas de razonamiento con ToM, en niños con y sin discapacidad intelectual. La muestra la constituyen 30 niños con discapacidad intelectual y 20 niños sin discapacidad intelectual. Se hipotetizó que la habilidad para responder las preguntas de control, una operacionalización de las funciones ejecutivas de control consciente, se asocia más a las tareas de segundo orden que a las de primer orden, ya que estas requieren mayor carga representacional. Los resultados obtenidos, sugieren que los procesos de control consciente no sólo se asocian a las tareas que requieren una mayor carga representacional, sino a todas las tareas que requieren razonar con estados mentales, sean ellos de primer o segundo orden

Stories in social-ecological knowledge cocreation

Transformations in social-ecological systems to overturn poverty and ecosystem degradation require approaches to knowledge synthesis that are inclusive and open to creative innovation. We draw on interviews with participants and in-depth process observation of an iterative knowledge cocreation process in Kenya and Mozambique that brought together scientists, community representatives, government representatives, and practitioners who had expertise or experience in poverty and/or coastal natural resource use and management. We analyze the communicative spaces opened by techniques of system diagrams and future scenarios, and provide a rich account of the emergent process of developing a "shared conceptual repertoire" as a basis for effective communication and knowledge synthesis. Our results highlight the difficulties of challenging dominant narratives and the creative potential that exists in reflecting on their underpinning assumptions. In our analysis, stories and lived experiences emerged as key means shaping the construction of shared concepts and ideas. We conclude by outlining the implications of designing knowledge cocreation processes that support the task of devising systemic interventions that are robust for a range of future scenarios. This includes embracing the role of stories in generating shared meanings and opening up spaces for exploration of knowledge assumptions that are embedded in intervention narratives

Manipulating the alpha level cannot cure significance testing

We argue that making accept/reject decisions on scientific hypotheses, including a recent call for changing the canonical alpha level from p = 0.05 to p = 0.005, is deleterious for the finding of new discoveries and the progress of science. Given that blanket and variable alpha levels both are problematic, it is sensible to dispense with significance testing altogether. There are alternatives that address study design and sample size much more directly than significance testing does; but none of the statistical tools should be taken as the new magic method giving clear-cut mechanical answers. Inference should not be based on single studies at all, but on cumulative evidence from multiple independent studies. When evaluating the strength of the evidence, we should consider, for example, auxiliary assumptions, the strength of the experimental design, and implications for applications. To boil all this down to a binary decision based on a p-value threshold of 0.05, 0.01, 0.005, or anything else, is not acceptable

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul