Retos de la salud pública en la frontera México-Estados Unidos

Nutrición• Desnutrición: La mala nutrición queresulta del consumo deficiente dealimentos o nutrimentos.• Obesidad o Sobrepeso: Mala nutriciónque resulta del consumo excesivo dealimentos• Ambos son factores de riesgoDeterminantes de la Salud• Círculo vicioso de pobreza, enfermedady desnutrición• Desigual distribución del ingreso• Inadecuado consumo de alimentos• Pobre saneamiento ambienta

Hauliers’ perceptions and attitudes towards farm animal welfare could influence the operational and logistics practices in sheep transport

survey of Mexico-based sheep hauliers was conducted in order to investigate perceptions and attitudes toward farm animal welfare (FAW) and their influence on operational and logistic practices (OLPs) in sheep transportation. The statistical analysis consisted in the application of 2-factor analyses (OLP and animal welfare attitudes), additionally a cluster analysis; the latter allowed a segmentation of hauliers according to their attitudes and OLP. The factor analysis gave 3 OLP factors: logistic issues, economic losses, and welfare losses. In the case of factor analyses about animal welfare attitudes, we obtained 4 factors: training and regulations, animal needs, welfare improvement, and sensibility. The cluster analysis of this study showed the existence of 3 haulier profiles; these were “efficient and concerned,” “efficient and not concerned,” and “not efficient and concerned.” Our results showed that hauliers’ perceptions had a clear influence on the performance of their operative and logistic activities during the sheep transportation. This study highlights the individual hauliers’ risk factors which can be considered to improve not only animal welfare but also indicates the need to consider the transportation as a whole because of potential factor combinations and confusions. The attitudes of sheep hauliers toward FAWare a strategic component that requires being considered when hauliers are trained. If it can be shown that modifying hauliers’ attitudes leads to improved OLP, then there is an opportunity to develop specific training programs to modify certain haulier’s animal welfare attitudes, with a subsequent improvement of sheep welfar

Prospective first-trimester screening for trisomies by cell-free DNA testing of maternal blood in twin pregnancy

Objectives : First, to examine the performance of screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 in twin pregnancies by cell free (cf ) DNA testing of maternal blood and second, to compare twin and singleton pregnancies for the distribution of fetal fraction and failure rate to obtain a result. Methods: This was a prospective study in 438 twin and 10,698 singleton pregnancies undergoing screening for fetal trisomies by cfDNA testing at 10 +0 13 +6 weeks’ gestation. Chromosome selective sequencing of cfDNA was used and in twin pregnancies an algorithm was applied that relies on the lower fetal fraction contribution of the two fetuses. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors of fetal fraction and failed result Results: In twin pregnancies, compared to singletons, the median fetal fraction was lower (8.0, IQR 6.0 10.4% vs 11.0, IQR 8.3 14.4%; p<0.0001 ) and failure rate after first sampling was higher ( vs 2.9 %%; p<0.0001 )). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the risk of test failure increased with increasing maternal age and body mass index and decreased with fetal crown rump length ; t he risk was increased in women of South Asian racial origin and in pregnancies conceived by in vitro fertilization The main contributor to the higher rate of failure in twins was conception by in vitro fertilization which was observed in 9.5% of singletons and 56.2% of twins. In the 417 twin pregnancies with a cfDNA result after first or second sampling , the detection rate was 100% for trisomy 21 (8 of 8) and 60% for trisomy 18 or 13 (3 of 5), at false positive rate of 0.25% (1 of 404). In the 10,530 singleton pregnancies with a cfDNA result after first or second sampling, the detection rate was 98.7% for trisomy 21 (156 of 158) and 80.3% for trisomy 18 or 13 (49 of 61) 61), at false positive rate of 0.22% (23 of 10,311). Conclusions: In twin pregnancies, compared to singletons, undergoing first trimester screening for trisomies by cfDNA testing, the fetal fraction is lower and failure rate higher. The number of trisomic twin pregnancies examined is too small for accurate assessment of performance of screening, but this may be similar to that in singleton pregnancie

Delaying the International Spread of Pandemic Influenza

BACKGROUND: The recent emergence of hypervirulent subtypes of avian influenza has underlined the potentially devastating effects of pandemic influenza. Were such a virus to acquire the ability to spread efficiently between humans, control would almost certainly be hampered by limited vaccine supplies unless global spread could be substantially delayed. Moreover, the large increases that have occurred in international air travel might be expected to lead to more rapid global dissemination than in previous pandemics. METHODS AND FINDINGS: To evaluate the potential of local control measures and travel restrictions to impede global dissemination, we developed stochastic models of the international spread of influenza based on extensions of coupled epidemic transmission models. These models have been shown to be capable of accurately forecasting local and global spread of epidemic and pandemic influenza. We show that under most scenarios restrictions on air travel are likely to be of surprisingly little value in delaying epidemics, unless almost all travel ceases very soon after epidemics are detected. CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to reduce local transmission of influenza are likely to be more effective at reducing the rate of global spread and less vulnerable to implementation delays than air travel restrictions. Nevertheless, under the most plausible scenarios, achievable delays are small compared with the time needed to accumulate substantial vaccine stocks

[Carta a Ignacio Hernando de Larramendi y Montiano]

Información adicional de autor de la carta: MéxicoFotografía número: 112

Transmisión del virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en parejas heterosexuales : estudio multicentrico en la ciudad de Mexico; informe del proyecto

Versión en inglés disponible en la Biblioteca Digital del IDRC: Hetrosexual transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection in Mexico : final report (1989 - 1992

Aerosolized measles and measles-rubella vaccines induce better measles antibody booster responses than injected vaccines: randomized trials in Mexican schoolchildren

OBJECTIVE: To compare antibody responses and side-effects of aerosolized and injected measles vaccines after revaccination of children enrolling in elementary schools. METHODS: Vaccines for measles (Edmonston-Zagreb) or measles-rubella (Edmonston-Zagreb with RA27/3) were given by aerosol or injection to four groups of children. An additional group received Schwarz measles vaccine by injection. These five groups received vaccines in usual standard titre doses. A sixth group received only 1000 plaque-forming units of Edmonston-Zagreb vaccine by aerosol. The groups were randomized by school. Concentrations of neutralizing antibodies were determined in blood specimens taken at baseline and four months after vaccination from randomized subgroups (n = 28-31) of children in each group. FINDINGS: After baseline antibody titres were controlled for, the frequencies of fourfold or greater increases in neutralizing antibodies did not differ significantly between the three groups that received vaccine by aerosol (range 52%-64%), but they were significantly higher than those for the three groups that received injected vaccine (range 4%-23%). Mean increases in titres and post-vaccination geometric mean titres paralleled these findings. Fewer side-effects were noted after aerosol than injection administration of vaccine. CONCLUSION: Immunogenicity of measles vaccine when administered by aerosol is superior to that when the vaccine is given by injection. This advantage persists with aerosolized doses less than or equal to one-fifth of usual injected doses. The efficacy and cost-effectiveness of measles vaccination by aerosol should be further evaluated in mass campaigns