Perceived Self-Efficacy of Licensed Counselors to Provide Substance Abuse Counseling

This nationwide, quantitative study documented licensed counselors\u27 perceived self-efficacy of adequately providing substance abuse services. Despite their lack of substance abuse training, counselors were highly confident in their ability to provide quality substance abuse services. Counselor training implications are discussed

State of design report

In 2019 the UK Design Council declared “Whatever the question, design has an answer.” While not quite so bold the British designer Jay Osgerby maintains that “Design is the Answer to a Very Difficult Question.” Both valiant statements play on Cedric Price’s massively exploited conundrum “Technology is the answer, but what was the question?” A superficial trawl of the web reveals – “Big Data Is the Answer … But What Is the Question?” – “Design Thinking Is Not The Answer - Especially If You Don’t Know The Question” – “Universal Design – The Answer to Everything?” – “If Design-Based Research is the Answer, What is the Question?” And the web also exposes curiously aligned beliefs that “Love or war or music or summer or Jesus or art or wool (or countless other subjects) is the answer.” Perhaps Price was already playing with Shakespeare’s mission for Hamlet “To be, or not to be, that is the question.” It seems that the answers already surround us. It’s the question we don’t know. But its vitally important to place before this catechism the simple fact is that each designer creates their precursors. Their work modifies our conception of the past, as it will modify the future. Price asked what WAS the question and everyone after him writes what IS the question as if there is no conception of the past. WAS used to be the totally artificial world; a future responsible. Whereas IS is now the totally financial world; a future already mortgaged. In which case we can only ask - was the past simple, is the present perfect and will the future be affordable? In 1990 Donella H. Meadows’ wrote the “State of the Village Report”, which presented a framework for understanding the world as a combination of physical, economic, and social relationships by imagining the world was a village of 1000 people. Scaling down the numbers was a very palpable way to change mindsets and help build awareness about what an individual could do to help manage the complex environmental, social and economic systems of which we are all a part

Secondary immunisation with high-dose heterologous peptide leads to CD8 T cell populations with reduced functional avidity

Expansion of high- or low-avidity CD8 T cells in vitro inversely correlates with the concentration of peptide ligand present during culture. In contrast, the selective enrichment of high- or low-avidity T cell populations in vivo using peptide immunisation is not well documented. In our study, a single immunisation with different doses of wildtype peptide or a variant peptide able to stimulate CTL responses cross-reactive with wild-type peptide failed to shift the average avidity of the responding CD8 T cell population specific to either peptide. However, in contrast to homologous prime-boost immunisation, heterologous prime-boost immunisation incorporating high doses of the second immunogen resulted in peptide-specific CD8 T cell populations polarized toward a low average functional avidity. These data suggest that sequential exposure to structurally related viral peptides could impair rather than promote anti-viral immunity by lowering the avidity of the responding CD8 T cell population. This study has implications for improving vaccine strategies against viruses and tumours and enhances our understanding of heterologous immunity during sequential viral infection