European Association of Cardiothoracic Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia Fellowship Curriculum:First Edition

International audiencePediatric cardiac anesthesia is a subspecialty of cardiac and pediatric anesthesiology dedicated to the perioperative care of patients with congenital heart disease. Members of the Congenital and Education Subcommittees of the European Association of Cardiothoracic Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care (EACTAIC) agreed on the necessity to develop an EACTAIC pediatric cardiac anesthesia fellowship curriculum. This manuscript represents a consensus on the composition and the design of the EACTAIC Pediatric Cardiac Anesthesia Fellowship program. This curriculum provides a basis for the training of future pediatric cardiac anesthesiologists by clearly defining the theoretical and practical requirements for fellows and host centers

Evolutionary rescue:Linking theory for conservation and medicine

Evolutionary responses that rescue populations from extinction when drastic environmental changes occur can be friend or foe. The field of conservation biology is concerned with the survival of species in deteriorating global habitats. In medicine, in contrast, infected patients are treated with chemotherapeutic interventions, but drug resistance can compromise eradication of pathogens. These contrasting biological systems and goals have created two quite separate research communities, despite addressing the same central question of whether populations will decline to extinction or be rescued through evolution. We argue that closer integration of the two fields, especially of theoretical understanding, would yield new insights and accelerate progress on these applied problems. Here, we overview and link mathematical modelling approaches in these fields, suggest specific areas with potential for fruitful exchange, and discuss common ideas and issues for empirical testing and prediction.ISSN:1752-4571ISSN:1752-456

Benthic algal response to N and P enrichment along a pH gradient

Nutrient enrichment and its effect on benthic algal growth, community composition, and average cell size was assessed across two sites of differing pH within a single habitat. Nutrients were added using in situ substrata, which released either N, P, or no additional nutrients (controls) at each site for 21 days. Upon collection, chlorophyll and biovolume standing stocks of the attached algal microflora were measured. Chlorophyll concentration was different among all treatments, accumulating greatest on P, followed by N, and the least on C substrata (P < 0.001) and was highest at site-2 (P < 0.001), while total algal biovolume was highest on P compared to both N and C substrata (P < 0.05) and did not vary between sites. Increased growth on P substrata was due to the enhanced biovolume of filamentous green algae, although the affected taxa varied between sites. Biovolume to cell density ratios (as a measure of average cell size) were highest on P substrata over both N-enriched and control substrata (P < 0.05) and this pattern was similar between sites. Progression towards a community composed of larger cells following P enrichment observed along this pH gradient, seems to be related to the dominance of larger celled filamentous green algae. Thus, nutrients exhibited greater control on benthic algal growth than did changes in hydrogen ion concentration.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/42877/1/10750_2004_Article_BF00007599.pd

Rapid and highly variable warming of lake surface waters around the globe

In this first worldwide synthesis of in situ and satellite-derived lake data, we find that lake summer surface water temperatures rose rapidly (global mean = 0.34°C decade-1) between 1985 and 2009. Our analyses show that surface water warming rates are dependent on combinations of climate and local characteristics, rather than just lake location, leading to the counterintuitive result that regional consistency in lake warming is the exception, rather than the rule. The most rapidly warming lakes are widely geographically distributed, and their warming is associated with interactions among different climatic factors - from seasonally ice-covered lakes in areas where temperature and solar radiation are increasing while cloud cover is diminishing (0.72°C decade-1) to ice-free lakes experiencing increases in air temperature and solar radiation (0.53°C decade-1). The pervasive and rapid warming observed here signals the urgent need to incorporate climate impacts into vulnerability assessments and adaptation efforts for lakes

Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility of the Frasnian/Famennian boundary

Magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) is used to establish a non-polarity-based magnetostratigraphy susceptibility (MSS) between the stratotype region for the Frasnian/Famennian (F/F) boundary sequence in the Montagne Noire of southern France, the eastern Rheinisches Schiefergebirge of Germany, Belgium, the eastern Anti-Atlas of Morocco, and the Arbuckle Mountains of southern Oklahoma (USA). Despite differences of depositional environment, the MSS is remarkably consistent and can be described in the context of a hierarchy of magnetozones that allow the extension of correlation away from the Montagne Noire reference section. The nature of the controls on the influx of iron into the marine system produces a natural hierarchy of at least seven orders or magnetozones designated MSZ1, MSZ2, MSZ3, MSZ4, MSZ5, MSZ6, and MSZ7. These are characterized in terms of the magnitude of their duration. The MSS reference section of choice for the F/F boundary is the well-known Trench C at La Serre (LSC) in the northeastern Montagne Noire of southern France. The F/F boundary is located at the lower boundary of magnetozone La Serre Iα3b at La Serre as well as in all other sections studied. MSZ4 and MSZ5 magnetozones are used to establish intra- and inter-regional correlation between the reference sequence and the other regions. The base of the Upper Kellwasser event is as variable within the MSS zonation as it is within the biostratigraphic zonation, as is the position of the Lower Kellwasser event. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved