Iconic illustration of the nation in both Latin America and Spain

El presente proyecto se enmarca en la actual línea revisionista vinculada al período de las «independencias». Como ya es habitual, las conmemoraciones y efemérides marcan en un alto porcentaje el calendario científico y la producción historiográfica, y ahora estamos inmersos tanto en el proceso de los Bicentenarios (Guerra hispano-francesa de 1808, emancipaciones americanas en torno al simbólico año de 1810, y Cortes de Cádiz en 1812), como en el de rescatar las celebraciones de los «Centenarios» de hace un siglo. Este número monográfico intenta sumar un aporte que pudiera servir de basamento para quienes pretendan una aproximación a temas vinculados con el citado proceso historiográfico. En la construcción iconográfica de las naciones americanas (y no solamente «nacionales» sino también regionales) las temáticas y las tipologías resultan de lo más variadas y cada una cumple un papel de mayor o menor relevancia, pero siempre plausible de un análisis particularizado y global. El paisaje, las costumbres, el retrato, las alegorías, la pintura de historia y la de temática social en el caso de las primeras, y la arquitectura, escultura, pintura, gráfica, dibujo, fotografía, artes decorativas y un variadísimo cúmulo de objetos dentro de la segunda, determinan un amplio panorama analítico que ha hecho aumentar el interés y la atención de los especialistas, sobre todo del XIX, con una avidez sin parangón respecto de décadas anteriores.The present project is framed in the present tie revisionist line to the period of «Independences». As he is already habitual, the commemorations and events mark in a high percentage the scientific calendar and the historiografic production, and now we are immersed as much in the process of the Bicentennials (Hispanic-French War of 1808, American emancipations around the symbolic year of 1810, and You cut of Cadiz in 1812), as in the one to rescue the celebrations of the «Centenaries» of a century ago. This monographic number tries to add a contribution that could serve as plinth for those who tries an approach to tie subjects with the mentioned historiografic process. In the iconographic construction of the American nations (and «national » but also not only regional) thematic and the typologies they are from the most varied and each plays a role of major or minor relevance, but always reasonable of a distinguished and global analysis. Of history and social thematic the one in the architecture and the painting, the allegories, the picture, the customs, the landscape case first, sculpture, painting, graph, drawing, photograph, decoratives arts and varied accumulation of objects within second, determine an ample analytical panorama that it has made increase to the interest and the attention of the specialists, mainly of the XIX, with an avidity without comparison with respect to previous decades

Pengaruh Jatuh Tegangan Terhadap Kerja Motor Induksi Tiga Fasa Menggunakan Simulink Matlab

Pengaruh jatuh tegangan jala-jala dengan beban bervariasi terhadap daya input, arus input, kecepatan putar rotor, slip, daya output, rugi-rugi dan efisiensi motor induksi tiga fasa.Diperoleh dari simulasi jatuh tegangan sebesar 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8% pada beban 4 N-m yang mengalami kenaikan adalah arus input dari 6,23-6,77 ampere, juga slip dari 3,273,33 %, dan yang mengalami penurunan adalah kecepatan putar rotor dari 1450,92-1450,01 rpm, daya output dari 4912,55-4263,93 watt dan effisiensi dari 88,99-87,53 %. Pada beban 5 N-m yang mengalami kenaikan adalah arus input dari 6,35-6,94 ampere, slip dari 3,36-3,43 %, dan yang mengalami penurunan adalah kecepatan putar rotor dari 1449,67-1448,52 rpm, daya output dari 4933,074329,55 watt dan effisiensi dari 89,04-87,71 %. Pada beban 6 N-m yang mengalami kenaikan adalah arus input dari 6,48-7,03 amper, slip dari 3,44-3,53 %, dan yang mengalami penurunan adalah kecepatan putar rotor dari 1448,46-1447,03 rpm, daya output dari 4964,58-4365,17 wattdan effisiensi dari 89,11-87,81 %

Pengaruh Muatan Truk Berlebih Terhadap Biaya Pemeliharaan Jalan

More than 90% of freight movement in Indonesia is carried out by land transportation (mostly highway mode). Meanwhile most nation land is surrounded by water, in which the movement could have been carried out by sea transportation. There are rail network in Java Island and some parts of Sumatera Island where multimodal/inter-modality system can be applied. However, lack of sea and rail transportation infrastructure and management makes highway mode the main choice among other transportation modes. This study investigated the impact of overloading trucks in the freight transportation system in Indonesia, because the government still allows trucks to carry up to 50% of the normal maximum load. This policy has greatinfluence on road deterioration, creating the vehicle damage factor approximately 5 times higher than that of the normal one. This overloading has a big impact on the maintenance of the road and will increase themaintenance budget

Nature tourism and Irish film

This article provides a historical overview and reading of seminal Irish film from the perspective of nature tourism. Within Irish cultural studies, tourism is frequently equated with an overly romantic image of the island, which has been used to sell the country abroad. However, using notions like the tourist gaze and taking on board influential debates around space/place, one can posit a more progressive environmental vision of nature and landscape in our readings of film

History in schools and the problem of 'the nation'

The article examines the enduring popularity of a form of school history which is based predominantly on the idea that the transmission of a positive story about the national past will inculcate in young people a sense of loyalty to the state; a reassuring and positive sense of identity and belonging; and a sense of social solidarity with fellow citizens. England is one of the countries which has to at least some extent moved away from this model of school history; but the past few years have seen suggestions for a move back to a history curriculum which focuses predominantly on the transmission of ‘Our Island Story’; and which presents a positive rendering of that story. The history curriculum in England is currently under review; and public pronouncements by politicians; academic historians and newspaper editorials suggest strong pressures towards a restoration of what is often termed ‘traditional’ school history; which was prevalent in English schools before the advent of what has been termed ‘New history’ in the 1970s. The paper questions some of the arguments which have been put forward in order to justify a return to a history curriculum based on a positive and unproblematic narrative of the national story and suggests that such a course of action is based on some unexamined assumptions and a limited understanding of pedagogy and learning. The final section of the paper outlines several weaknesses and flaws in the arguments for reverting to a traditional (i.e. ‘nation-based’ and celebratory) form of school history; and some of the dangers inherent in such a project

Understanding landscape identity in the context of rapid urban change in China

China is one of the most rapidly urbanising countries in the world. In recent years, it has experienced enormous environmental changes, as well as a loss of landscape identity. This paper aims to explore the concept of landscape identity in the context of the overwhelming urbanisation in China. It develops a conceptual framework on landscape identity from different dimensions. Factors are also identified that drive the urban changes with regard to the landscape identity that develops over time. Taking the city of Yantai, a city in Shandong Province, as an example, it is demonstrated how this conceptual framework can be applied to help in the understanding and protection of landscape identity in China

Molecular and morphological validation of the species of the genus Actinia (Actiniaria: Actiniidae) along the Atlantic Iberian Peninsula

The discrimination between the several species of the genus Actinia occurring in the Northeastern Atlantic and Mediterranean has been made analyzing morphological characters, with emphasis on external coloration patterns and morphology of cnidom structures. In Iberia, the occurrence of more than two species of Actinia has been suggested, but its validity is yet to be confirmed. In this paper, the identity of the species of the genus Actinia occurring along the Atlantic Iberian coast is investigated, analyzing morphological and molecular procedures. For this purpose, genetic data was collected from 140 individuals and two genetic markers were amplified and sequenced (the nuclear 28S and the mitochondrial 16S ribosomal genes). The genetic identification was corroborated by morphological analysis of individuals representing each of the genetic groups found. This procedure led to the identification of three species occurring in the studied area – Actinia equina (L.), A. fragacea Tugwell and A. schmidti Monteiro, Sole-Cava & Thorpe.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia - FCTinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

In search of the authentic nation: landscape and national identity in Canada and Switzerland

While the study of nationalism and national identity has flourished in the last decade, little attention has been devoted to the conditions under which natural environments acquire significance in definitions of nationhood. This article examines the identity-forming role of landscape depictions in two polyethnic nation-states: Canada and Switzerland. Two types of geographical national identity are identified. The first – what we call the ‘nationalisation of nature’– portrays zarticular landscapes as expressions of national authenticity. The second pattern – what we refer to as the ‘naturalisation of the nation’– rests upon a notion of geographical determinism that depicts specific landscapes as forces capable of determining national identity. The authors offer two reasons why the second pattern came to prevail in the cases under consideration: (1) the affinity between wild landscape and the Romantic ideal of pure, rugged nature, and (2) a divergence between the nationalist ideal of ethnic homogeneity and the polyethnic composition of the two societies under consideration