Modelação do decaimento do cloro residual numa água superficial

Dupla diplomação com a Universidade FUMECUma melhor qualidade de vida é um dos fatores mais procurados e requeridos pela sociedade moderna, e isso inclui naturalmente uma preocupação muito grande com a qualidade água consumida. A cloração é o método mais utilizado para desinfetar e controlar a atividade microbiana numa água, quer nas unidades de armazenamento, quer ao longo da rede de distribuição. O cloro residual livre reage com as substâncias presentes na água e nas paredes das tubagens ao longo dos sistemas de distribuição, levando deste modo a uma diminuição da concentração inicial do cloro. Como resultado dessas reacções surgem os subprodutos da desinfecção, os principais são os Trihalometanos, que por serem considerados prejudiciais à saúde humana exigem controlo apertado. O objetivo deste trabalho é o estudo do decaimento do cloro em águas superficiais, nomeadamente da água bruta afluente à ETA de França-Bragança, tendo sido realizados vários ensaios distribuídos por 3 grupos: (i) concentração de cloro variável, oxidabilidade de 4,5 mg.L-1 e temperatura de 20ºC; (ii) concentração de cloro variável, oxidabilidade de 2,7 mg.L-1 e temperatura de 20ºC; (iii) concentração de cloro variável, oxidabilidade de 4,5 mg.L-1 e temperatura de 30ºC. O tempo de reação foi pré-estabelecido em 240 minutos e foi utilizada estufa de incubação para controlo da temperatura. Cinco modelos cinéticos (Modelo de Primeira Ordem, Modelo de Primeira Ordem Limitada, Modelo de Primeira Ordem Paralela, Modelo de Pseudo Segunda Ordem e Modelo de Ordem n) foram ajustados aos dados experimentais de decaimento de cloro e de matéria orgânica (expressa em termos de oxidabilidade ao KMnO4), usando o software Origin, por forma a selecionar o melhor modelo. A partir do teste estatístico Teste F, o modelo de Primeira Ordem Paralela foi determinado como o que melhor representa as cinéticas de decaimento do cloro. Pois esse modelo determina valores de cinéticas espeficos para cada fase do cloro no seio líquido da água, sendo uma primeira fase rápida e uma segunda mais lenta. Foi observado que uma maior temperatura promove uma maior velocidade no consumo de cloro na água, e tambem que quanto maior o teor de matéria orgânica na água, maior será o cunsumo de cloro residual.A better quality of life is one of the most sought and required factors by modern society, and this naturally includes a very great concern with the quality of water consumed. Chlorination is the most widely used method for disinfecting and controlling microbial activity in water, either in the storage units or along the distribution network. Free residual chlorine reacts with the substances present in the water and in the walls of the pipes throughout the distribution systems, thus leading to a decrease in the initial concentration of chlorine. As a result of these reactions, the byproducts of disinfection arise, the main ones being Trihalomethanes, which, because they are considered harmful to human health, require tight control. The objective of this work is the study of the chlorine decay in surface waters, namely the raw water affluent to the ETA of France-Bragança. Several tests were carried out in three groups: (i) variable chlorine concentration, mg.L-1 and temperature of 20 ° C; (ii)) variable chlorine concentration, oxidation of 2.7 mg.L-1 and temperature of 20ºC; (iii) variable chlorine concentration, oxidation of 4.5 mg.L-1 and temperature of 30ºC. The reaction time was pre-set at 240 minutes and incubation oven was used for temperature control. Five kinetic models (First Order Model, First Order Limited Model, First Order Parallel Model, Pseudo Second Order Model and Order Model n) were fitted to experimental data on chlorine and organic matter depletion (expressed in terms of oxidation to KMnO4), using the Origin software, in order to select the best model. From the statistical test Test F, the First Order Parallel model was determined as the one that best represents the chlorine decay kinetics. For this model determines specific kinetic values for each phase of the chlorine in the liquid sinus of the water, being a fast first phase and a second slower. It was observed that a higher temperature promotes a higher rate of chlorine consumption in the water, and also that the higher the organic matter content in the water, the greater the residual chlorine content

OCORRÊNCIA DO CAMARÃO TIGRE-GIGANTE Penaeus monodon FABRICIUS, 1798 (CRUSTACEA, DECAPODA, PENAEIDAE) NA PLATAFORMA CONTINENTAL PIAUIENSE

This study aimed to report the first occurrence of giant asian tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 in Piauí coast. A unique example was captured in March 2015 by a shrimp fishing boat. In the laboratory the specimen was identified, sexed, weighed and measured in carapace length (CL), post-orbital length (POL) and length (TL). The exemplary captured it is a female with 298.45 g, 316.20 mm (TL), 133.85 mm (CL) and 90.10 mm (POL) and was found in the depth range of 4 to 6 meters in latitude: 02°50'51.1"S and longitude: 041°40'03.9"W.Keywords: Bioinvasion; Penaeus monodom; Piauí Continental Shelf.O presente trabalho teve o objetivo de relatar a primeira ocorrência do camarão tigre-gigante Penaeus monodon Fabricius, 1798 no litoral piauiense. Foi capturado um único exemplar em março de 2015 por uma embarcação da frota camaroneira. No laboratório o espécime foi identificado, sexado, pesado e mensurado no comprimento do cefalotórax (CC), comprimento do pós-orbital (CPO) e comprimento total (CT). O exemplar capturado foi uma fêmea de 298,45 g, 316,20 mm (CT), 133,85 mm (CC), e 90,10 mm (CPO) capturada na faixa de profundidade de 4 a 6 metros na latitude: 2°50'51.1" S e longitude: 41°40'03.9" W.Palavras-chave: Bioinvasão, Penaeus monodom, Plataforma Continental Piauiense

Observação de pareamento de estímulos e instrução com múltiplos exemplares: efeitos sobre respostas de ouvinte e falante de crianças com TEA

Two procedures have been proposed as alternatives to induce the emergence of repertoires not directly taught: 1) multiple exemplar instruction (MEI); and 2) stimulus pairing observation procedure (SPOP). MEI implies the rotation of teaching different responses to a stimulus (ex., tact and listener response), which favors the incidental learning of these of responses to new stimuli from the teaching only one type. In SPOP is only required the observation of stimuli presented next to each other, without differential reinforcement for any responses. The results of some studies suggest that a higher frequency of pairings could lead to the emergence of tact and listener responses not taught directly, and that the stimuli pairings may affect the MEI. The present study evaluated the effect of SPOP with a higher frequency of pairings by trials on the emergence of tact and listener responses in three children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, and the effect of SPOP in teaching these responses through MEI. For two participants, SPOP with more pairings by trials favored the emergence of the listener repertoire. These participants only learned tact responses after MEI. SPOP had a facilitating effect on MEI training. The role of MEI and intensive tact training for the emergence of tact and listener repertoires is discussed, as well as the types of stimulus control that SPOP seems to favor, and the possibility of investigating SPOP in more natural situations.Se han propuesto dos procedimientos como alternativas para inducir repertorios no enseñados directamente: 1) instrucción con múltiples ejemplares (MEI); y 2) observación del emparejamiento de estímulo (SPOP). El MEI implica la rotación de la enseñanza de diferentes respuestas a un estímulo (p.ej., tacto y oyente), lo que favorece el aprendizaje incidental de estas respuestas a nuevos estímulos a partir de la enseñanza de solo uno de los tipos. El SPOP solo requiere observar estímulos presentados contiguos, sin refuerzo diferencial para cualquier respuesta. Los resultados de algunos estudios sugieren que una mayor frecuencia de emparejamientos podría resultar en la emergencia de respuestas de oyente y tacto no enseñadas directamente y que el emparejamiento de estímulos puede afectar el procedimiento de MEI. El presente estudio evaluó el efecto del SPOP con una mayor frecuencia de emparejamiento por ensayos en emergencia de respuestas de oyente y tacto en tres niños con trastorno del espectro del autismo, y el efecto del SPOP en la enseñanza de estas respuestas a través de MEI. Para dos participantes, el SPOP con más emparejamientos a cada ensayo favoreció la emergencia del repertorio de oyente. Estos participantes solo aprendieron tactos después del MEI. El SPOP tuvo un efecto facilitador en el entrenamiento de MEI. Se discute el papel del MEI y del entrenamiento intensivo de tactos en la emergencia de respuestas tacto y oyente, así como los tipos de control de estímulo que el SPOP parece favorecer, y la posibilidad de investigar el SPOP en ambientes menos estructurados.Dois procedimentos têm sido propostos como alternativas para induzir repertórios não ensinados diretamente: 1) instrução com múltiplos exemplares (MEI); e 2) observação de pareamento de estímulos (SPOP). O MEI implica a rotação do ensino de diferentes respostas a um estímulo (ex. tato e resposta de ouvinte), o que favorece a aprendizagem incidental dessas respostas para novos estímulos a partir do ensino de apenas um dos tipos. No SPOP é exigida apenas a observação de estímulos apresentados contíguos, sem reforçamento diferencial para qualquer resposta. Os resultados de alguns estudos sugerem que uma maior frequência de pareamentos poderia levar a emergência de respostas de tato e ouvinte não ensinadas diretamente e que o pareamento de estímulos pode afetar o procedimento de MEI. O presente estudo avaliou o efeito de SPOP com uma frequência maior de pareamentos por tentativas sobre a emergência de respostas de tato e ouvinte em três crianças com Transtorno do Espectro Autista, e o efeito do SPOP no ensino dessas respostas por meio de MEI. Para dois participantes, o SPOP com mais pareamentos a cada tentativa favoreceu a emergência do repertório de ouvinte. Estes participantes somente aprenderam respostas de tato após o MEI. O SPOP teve um efeito facilitador no treino de MEI. Discute-se o papel do MEI e de treino de tato intensivo na emergência de repertórios de tato e ouvinte, assim como os tipos de controle de estímulo que o SPOP parece favorecer, e a possibilidade de investigar o SPOP em ambientes menos estruturados

Progressive Histiocytosis of Non-Epitheliotropic Dendritic Cells in a Feline

Background: Histiocytic tumors in felines are nodules that commonly develop on limbs and head extremities. They can be divided into many subtypes including cutaneous histiocytoma, histiocytic sarcoma, reactive fibrohistiocytic nodule, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, and progressive feline dendritic cell. Despite the same origin, they have behaviors that differ from each other, thus it is important to confirm diagnosis with histopathological and immunohistochemical tests, because early identification can facilitate prognosis and treatment. In this study, we describe the pathological and immunohistochemical characteristics, enabling differentiation feline neoplasms derived from histiocytes. Case: A 5-year-old, crossbreed, male, feline presented with a nodulation at the base of the left ear. The mass was slow growing, partially alopecic, with no other changes associated with tumor development. The nodule was round and circumscribed, movable, with an elevated surface. He was referred for surgery and an elliptical sample around the tumor was carefully dissected. Routine histopathological evaluation was performed with hematoxylin and eosin (HE), as well as immunohistochemistry. Histopathology showed circumscribed proliferation of histiocytic cells, with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm. The proliferative cells were large and rounded, extending from the superficial dermis and basement membrane to the deep dermis. At the extremities, some cells had visible vacuoles. Mitotic activity ranged from 3 to 4 mitoses per field in 40x magnification. Immunohistochemistry showed positive staining for histocompatibility complex MCII and lysozyme antibodies, marking histiocytic cells. Labeling was positive for CD20 in cells of lymphoid lineage B and negative for E-cadherin. Histiocytic cells did not invade the epidermis; hence, proliferation was classified as nonepitheliotropic. These methods contribute to the literature regarding the diagnosis of this rare tumor. Therefore, histological as well as immunohistochemical evaluation are important bfor confirming clinical diagnosis of histiocytic proliferation non-epitheliotropic. Discussion: Progressive histiocytosis of feline dendritic cells, in both epitheliotropic and non-epitheliotropic forms, is considered a clinically progressive and rare disorder. There are reports which include cytological, clinical, histological and immunohistochemical examinations, but the diagnostic characteristics regarding the non-epitheliotropic classification have not yet been properly identified. Nodulations are predominantly observed in head and limb regions, usually non-ulcerated, which can both increase and decrease in size, and are typically painless. The tumor in the present case was restricted to the base of the ear and no evidence of infiltration or metastasis was found. Progressive histiocytosis may spread and reach the lymphatic system through the lymph nodes, subsequently becoming systemic. The non-aggressive behavior observed in this case is possibly related to the non-epitheliotropic pattern. In the present case, MHC II histocompatibility complex markers, a phenotype compatible with dendritic cells, were used. Lysozyme antibodies marked histiocytic cells and the reactive lymphoid infiltrate was composed of CD20-positive B lymphoid lineage cells. Staining for E-cadherin was negative, negative results in labeling experiments is common, it is dependent upon the cellular origin of the leukocytes present in the sample. Staining for these molecules is recommended for differentiating feline progressive histiocytosis from Langerhans cells. Langerhans cells can be characterized by E-cadherin expression in about 10% of cases and marked T lymphocyte and neutrophil expression in the affected tissue. In this case, the histopathological exam along with immunohistochemistry was essential for differentiating them

Deposition of sprayed drops in soybean in function of sowing spacing

To reach all parts of the plants can be a difficult achievement faced by the drops in several crops. Strategies in crop management such as an increment in the plant spacing can contribute to the spray application's success. This study aimed to evaluate the droplets deposition in soybean, using three different spray nozzles and application rate, in two soybean rows spacing. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks, with treatments arranged in a split-plot scheme. The plots were the interrow spacing (0.45 and 0.76 m), the subplots were the spray nozzles (JA-2 and Magno 11002 BD), and the sub-subplots were the application rate (120, 200 and 280 L ha-1). Droplets coverage was evaluated in the upper, middle and lower thirds of soybean plants. Water-sensitive papers were installed in the adaxial part of plant leaves to analyze the spray technology and evaluated using E-Sprinkle® software. Spraying was performed in plants at the R5.3 soybean stage. This experiment evaluated the following parameters: the volume median diameter, the density of droplets per cm2, the droplet coverage area, and the droplet percentage less than 150 µm. The increase in the soybean row spacing combined with the spray volume increase provided greater droplet coverage in the middle third in soybean crop. The Magno 11002 BD droplet nozzle provided the higher droplet coverage in the row spacing of 0.76 m. The spray rate of 280 L ha-1 provided the highest density of droplets per cm2 in the lower third and greater coverage in the middle-third

Assessing soil key fertility attributes using a portable X-ray fluorescence : a simple method to overcome matrix effect

The matrix effect is one of the challenges to be overcome for a successful analysis of soil samples using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) sensors. This work aimed at evaluation of a simple modeling approach consisted of Compton normalization (CN) and multivariate regressions (e.g., multiple linear regressions (MLR) and partial least squares regression (PLSR)) to overcome the soil matrix effect, and subsequently improve the prediction accuracy of key soil fertility attributes. A portable XRF was used for analyzing 102 soil samples collected from two agricultural fields with contrasting soil matrices. Using the intensity of emission lines as input, preprocessing methods included with and without the CN. Univariate regression models for the prediction of clay, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and exchangeable (ex-) K and Ca were compared with the corresponding MLR models to assess matrix effect mitigation. The MLR and PLSR models improved the prediction results of the univariate models for both preprocessing methods, proving to be promising strategies for mitigating the matrix effect. In turn, the CN also mitigated part of the matrix effect for ex-K, ex-Ca, and CEC predictions, by improving the predictive performance of these elements when used in univariate and multivariate models. The CN has not improved the prediction accuracy of clay. The prediction performances obtained using MLR and PLSR were comparable for all evaluated attributes. The combined use of CN with multivariate regressions (MLR or PLSR) achieved excellent prediction results for CEC (R-2= 0.87), ex-K (R-2 >= 0.94), and ex-Ca (R-2 >= 0.96), whereas clay predictions were comparable with and without CN (0.89 <= R-2 <= 0.92). We suggest using multivariate regressions (MLR or PLSR) combined with the CN to remove the soil matrix effects and consequently result in optimal prediction results of the studied key soil fertility attributes. The prediction performance observed for this solution showed comparable results to the approach based on the preprogrammed measurement package tested (Geo Exploration package, Bruker AXS, Madison, WI, USA)

A arte de contar histórias na Educação Infantil: reflexões para a construção de saberes diversos

Este trabalho visa apresentar algumas reflexões sobre a arte de contar histórias na docência da Educação Infantil para as aprendizagens diversas, tendo em vista as interações e brincadeiras. Ancoramos este estudo em autores que versam sobre a Contação de histórias como Ilan Brenman e Fanny Abramovick. As relações com Ensino de Ciências serão apresentadas a partir de três livros de literatura infantil em que os diálogos entre fala, escuta, pensamento e imaginação são caminhos para o desenvolvimento integral dos sujeitos dessa primeira etapa da Educação Básica. Defendemos um ensino plural, dinâmico, democrático, participativo, literário e científico para as aprendizagens diversas e inserção da leitura nesta fase do ensino

Carbon fiber-reinforced polymers as a tensile reinforcement of the Pinus elliotti and Manilkara huberi wood species

In wood structures, the elements subjected to bending stresses, such as the beams, present a fracture initiated in the tensile region, and under these conditions, the use of laminated composite materials is presented as an alternative solution in the form of repair or reinforcement. This research aimed to evaluate the influence of the use of carbon fibers laminated composites in tensile reinforcement in the direction parallel to grain of Pinus elliotti and Manilkara huberi wood species. The Viapol two-component epoxy adhesive was used in the lamination and fixation of the unidirectional carbon fiber in the wood species. Ten specimens with no defects (reference) and 10 specimens were prepared for each crack length (25 and 50mm) with and without the reinforcement (60mm × 50mm) by the laminated composite. The tensile tests were performed in accordance with the requirements of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190 (1997). From the results of the statistical analysis, the use of the carbon fiber composite was able to restore the tensile strength of the cracked samples (partial or total) in relation to samples without defects, demonstrating the potential of the laminates in carbon fibers as an alternative solution in repair for both wood species

BRS 277: Wheat cultivar

The wheat cultivar ‘BRS 277’ was developed by Embrapa (Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária),resulting from a cross between OR1 and Coker 97-33. The plant height of ‘BRS 277’ is short, frost resistance in the vegetativestage is good and resistance to leaf rust moderate

VARIAÇÃO GENÉTICA EM POPULAÇÕES NATURAIS DE AROEIRA EM DOIS SISTEMAS DE PLANTIO

A estimativa de parâmetros genéticos em especies nativas arbóreas é de fundamental importância para subsidiar programas de melhoramento e conservação genética. Assim, estimou-se parâmetros genéticos para os caracteres silvicultura1s altura, diâmetro à altura do peito, forma e diâmetro médio da copa em dois sistemas de plantio de aroeira: a) plantio homogêneo, envolvendo populações de Selvíria-MS e Bauru-SP, na forma de testes de progênies, instalados em dezembro de 1987, e b) plantio consorciado: aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) com candiúba (Trema micrantha) constituído pelas populações de Selvíria-MS e Aramina-SP, também em forma de testes de progênies, instalados em fevereiro de 1992. Todos os testes estão localizados na FEP-FEIS/UNESP, localizada no município de Selvíria-MS. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados. As estimativas de herdabilidade mostraram possibilidades de seleção nas populações de aroeira. Em ambos os sistemas de plantio a maior proporção da variação genética foi encontrada dentro de populações. O plantio consorciado proporcionou menores erros experimentais e urna estimativa de parâmetros genéticos mais robusta, o que recomenda o uso de um consórcio de espécies afins em testes de progênies com espécies arbóreas nativas, principalmente no que se refere à aroeira