Proteção das Marias do Brasil: estudo sobre políticas públicas de enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher no período 1988-2022

This thesis aims to understand the dynamics of the agenda of public policies to combat violence against women in Brazil in the period 1988-2022, a field still little explored and directly impacted by the increasing number of cases of violence registered in recent decades. Theoretical choices involve the formation of an agenda (agenda-setting) and public policies (public policy), at federal and state levels, highlighting in this study the actions for the effective protection of women, enacted by the Federal Constitution of 1988, marked for the performance of the constituent women and materialization of the Women's Charter. Another important milestone was the approval of the Maria da Penha Law and, later, the implementation of the Law with the National Policy to Combat Violence against Women. The methodology used was qualitative, descriptive and exploratory, seeking to carry out a wide field research with historical information and public policies, at federal and state levels in execution. The set of analyzes of the public policy agenda made it possible to understand the complex process of the theme's rise on the agenda and its developments with a focus on historical, federal and state analyses. We obtained significant responses from the Ministry of Women that ratify the government's effort to implement actions that effectively protect women and encourage states to develop actions in partnership. And in a very relevant way, the response to the questionnaires by 25 Federative Units, which allowed us to identify the main actions in progress: Specialized Police Stations for Women's Assistance (DEAM), Call 180, Patrols Maria da Penha and Casa da Mulher Brazilian. In addition, we identified good practices and actions that can be replicated, such as the virtual DEAM, the panic button on the cell phone application, actions focused on the resocialization of the aggressor, among others. Finally, the construction of a timeline of the last three decades of the actions implemented to face violence against women, which demonstrated that we still have a great challenge in the face of the growing numbers of domestic violence and femicide in Brazil, but the continuity in the execution of preventive and repressive actions are fundamental for the results to be effective and for women to feel safe to denounce and break the cycle of violence.Esta tese tem como objetivo compreender a dinâmica da agenda de políticas públicas de enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher no Brasil no período de 1988-2022, campo ainda pouco explorado e impactado diretamente pelo crescente número de casos de violência registrados nas últimas décadas. As escolhas teóricas envolvem a formação de agenda (agenda-setting) e de políticas públicas (public policy), em níveis federal e estadual, destacando-se neste estudo as ações para a efetiva proteção das mulheres, promulgadas pela Constituição Federal de 1988, marcada pela atuação das mulheres constituintes e materialização da Carta das Mulheres. Outro importante marco foi a aprovação da Lei Maria da Penha e, posteriormente, a instrumentalização da Lei com a Política Nacional de Enfrentamento à violência contra as mulheres. A metodologia utilizada foi qualitativa, descritiva e exploratória, buscando-se realizar uma ampla pesquisa de campo com informações alterei aqui históricas e de políticas públicas, em níveis federal e estadual em execução. O conjunto de análises da agenda das políticas públicas permitiram compreender o processo complexo de ascensão do tema na agenda e seus desdobramentos com foco nas análises históricas, federal e estadual. Obtivemos respostas significativas do Ministério da Mulher que ratificam o esforço governamental em implementar ações que efetivamente protejam às mulheres e incentivem aos estados para desenvolverem ações em parceria. E de forma bastante relevante a resposta aos questionários, por parte de 23 Unidades Federativas, o que nos permitiu identificar as principais ações em andamento: Delegacias Especializadas de Atendimento à Mulher (DEAM), Ligue 180, Patrulhas Maria da Penha e a Casa da Mulher Brasileira. Além disso, identificamos as boas práticas e ações que podem ser replicadas como a DEAM virtual, botão do pânico no aplicativo de celular, ações focadas na ressocialização do agressor, dentre outras. Por fim, a construção de uma linha do tempo das últimas três décadas das ações implementadas para o enfrentamento à violência contra a mulher, o que demonstrou que ainda temos um grande desafio frente aos crescentes números de violência doméstica e do feminicídio no Brasil, mas a continuidade na execução das ações preventivas e repressivas são fundamentais para que os resultados sejam efetivos e que as mulheres se sintam seguras para denunciarem e romperem o ciclo da violência, estando o Estado dando total suporte e proteção a todas as Marias do Brasil

Clinical, Imaging and Anatomopathological Characterization of Focal Liver Lesions

Background: abdominal ultrasound is essential for the accurate diagnosis of focal liver lesions. Benign or malignant tumors are commonly detected by this test, although confirmation is completed with clinical signs and biopsy results.Objective: to analyze the relationship between clinical, imaging and anatomopathological diagnosis of focal liver lesions. Methods: a descriptive study was conducted in 60 patients with liver lesions diagnosed by ultrasound in the imaging center of the Dr. Gustavo Aldereguía Lima Hospital in Cienfuegos, from March 1st, 2011 to March 31st, 2012. The variables were: age, gender, skin color, reasons for conducting ultrasound, personal medical history, ultrasonographic features, topography and number of lesions and anatomopathological results. Results: the most affected patients were 40 to 59 years old, predominantly female (63.4 %) and white (70%). Echogenic and anechoic tumor images prevailed, especially in the right hepatic lobe. The most common cause for conducting ultrasound was abdominal pain. Benign lesions (63.3%) were noted, and the most frequently observed tumor was hemangioma. Liver metastases were more common than primary liver tumors. Conclusion: there was very a positive relationship between ultrasonographic and anatomopathological findings in focal liver lesions, showing differences between them and clinical presentations.</p

Detección temprana de la discapacidad auditiva en Mayabeque

Introducción: la discapacidad auditiva afecta el desarrollo y adaptación al medio social y familiar, sus  efectos pueden evitarse si el diagnóstico y el tratamiento médico, protésico y la rehabilitación, se establecen de forma temprana. Objetivo: exponer las acciones de capacitación, pesquisa y detección temprana de la discapacidad auditiva ejecutadas en la provincia Mayabeque.Método: se capacitaron 42 profesionales de la salud y la educación especial en el curso: “Fisiología de la audición y detección temprana del déficit auditivo”. Posteriormente se estudiaron 67 neonatos con factores de riesgo de déficit auditivo mediante el uso de emisiones otoacústicas, en el Hospital Ginecostétrico “Manuel Fajardo” del municipio Güines, en el último trimestre del 2015.Resultados: el total de los profesionales cumplió con los objetivos del programa de estudio con resultados satisfactorios. En cuanto a los factores de riesgo, el bajo peso al nacer asociado a la prematuridad se presentó en el total de los neonatos con resultados positivos. En más del 50%, de ellos, las pruebas resultaron positivas.Discusión: todos los neonatos deben continuar a la fase de diagnóstico definitivo mediante los potenciales evocados. Es necesaria la incorporación del total de nacidos con riesgo al estudio y confirmar el diagnóstico para evitar el retraso perceptible en el desarrollo lingüístico y cognitivo. 

PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA GENERAL DE LA ASIGNATURA DE PROBLEMÁTICA SOCIAL Y SU REGULACIÓN JURÍDICA

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS

PLANEACION DIDÁCTICA GENERAL DE LA ASIGNATURA DE NOCIONES DE DERECHO

GUÍA DIDÁCTICA / PLANEACIÓN DIDÁCTICA (NMS

La imagen y la narrativa como herramientas para el abordaje psicosocial en escenarios de violencia. Departamentos del Atlántico, La Guajira, Cesar y Sucre

Colombia es un país que cuenta con todos los elementos necesarios para ser una potencia mundial: capital humano, fauna, flora, diversidad, recursos naturales, recursos minerales, entre otros. En este sentido, no es grato saber que, a pesar de lo antes mencionado, este país ha vivido sumido en guerra hace más de 50 años, lo cual ha impedido su progreso como nación, al igual que el progreso de su gente en su forma de pensar, de actuar y de interactuar. Es por lo que, en este país, la naturaleza violenta que se sustenta es tangible, visible y tristemente propicia la impunidad, la falta de acción judicial y el atropello en contra de la ciudadanía. La reparación y no repetición puede tornarse utópica en este país, pues casi nunca se brinda el apoyo necesario por parte de las autoridades a sus ciudadanos. Esto queda plasmado en el caso sucedido en la población Peñas Coloradas; un lugar donde se vivió la violencia en carne propia, donde se amedrento, maltrato, callo y abandono a los pobladores, donde el estado nunca hizo nada por preservar dicho territorio. Del mismo modo, el Relato de Alfredo Campo, quien le toco dejar su tierra y familia a causa del desplazamiento. En este orden de ideas, en un país como Colombia la acción psicosocial es urgente que sea ejecutada, toda vez que al implementar la praxis de esta se logran involucrar distintas ramas, disciplinas y grupos de intervención.Colombia is a country that has all the necessary elements to be a world power: human capital, fauna, flora, diversity, natural resources, mineral resources, among others. In this sense, it is not pleasant to know that, despite the above, this country has lived in war for more than 50 years, which has impeded its progress as a nation, as well as the progress of its people in their way of thinking, acting and interacting. That is why, in this country, the violent character that is sustained is tangible, visible and sadly conducive to impunity, lack of judicial action and abuse against citizens. Reparation and non-repetition can become utopian in this country, as the authorities almost never provide the necessary support to its citizens. This is reflected in the case that occurred in the town of Peñas Coloradas; A place where violence was experienced in its own flesh, where the inhabitants were intimidated, mistreated, silenced and abandoned, where the State never did anything to preserve that territory. In the same way, the story of Alfredo Campo, who had to leave his land and his family due to displacement. In this order of ideas, in a country like Colombia it is urgent to execute psychosocial action, since by implementing the praxis of this it is possible to involve different branches, disciplines and intervention groups

Incidencia de la mediación escolar en los procesos de enseñanza aprendizaje

School mediation and application of strategies to solve conflicts between students, teachers and parents, will achieve a healthy and intelligent practical harmony in social coexistence in educational institutions; related to the integral formation of the students in their formation of values; This aims to achieve in students that they learn to empathize with others, knowing new tools to face future conflicts. In the XXI century, teachers have lost all the right to make corrections or calls to their students, having to do so with measure and with the necessary evidence to avoid incurring in breaches of the laws and regulations of education that govern the country; there are parents who do not accept the bad performances of their representatives within the educational community, sometimes defending against the "accusations that are imputed to them"; causing the loss of their authority in front of their children accepting their complaints or lies in order not to create problems with them.La mediación escolar y aplicación de estrategias para solucionar los conflictos entre estudiantes, docentes y padres de familia, alcanzará una sana e inteligente práctica armonía en la convivencia social en las instituciones educativas; relacionado con la formación integral de los educandos en su formación de valores; esta pretende conseguir en los estudiantes que aprendan a empatizar con los demás conociendo nuevas herramientas para enfrentarse con los futuros conflictos. En el siglo XXI, los docentes han perdido todo el derecho de realizar correcciones o llamados a sus estudiantes, debiendo realizarlo con mesura y con evidencias necesarias que evite&nbsp; incurrir en el incumplimientos de las leyes y reglamentes de educación que rigen en el país; existen padres de familia que no aceptan los malas actuaciones de sus representados dentro de la comunidad educativas, defendiendo algunas veces de las “acusaciones que se le imputen a ellos”; ocasionando la perdida su autoridad frente a sus hijos aceptando sus quejas o mentiras con la finalidad de no crear problemas con ellos

Child health promotion in underserved communities: The FAMILIA trial

Background: Preschool-based interventions offer promise to instill healthy behaviors in children, which can be a strategy to reduce the burden of cardiovascular disease later. However, their efficacy in underserved communities is not well established. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a preschool-based health promotion educational intervention in an underserved community. Methods: This cluster-randomized controlled study involved 15 Head Start preschools in Harlem, New York. Schools and their children were randomized 3:2 to receive either a 4-month (50 h) educational intervention to instill healthy behaviors in relation to diet, physical activity, body/heart awareness, and emotion management; or their standard curriculum (control). The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the overall knowledge, attitudes, and habits (KAH) score of the children at 5 months. As secondary outcomes, we evaluated the changes in KAH subcomponents and emotion comprehension. Linear mixed-effects models were used to test for intervention effects. Results: The authors enrolled 562 preschool children age 3 to 5 years, 51% female, 54% Hispanic/Latino, and 37% African-American. Compared with the control group, the mean relative change from baseline in the overall KAH score was ∼2.2 fold higher in the intervention group (average absolute difference of 2.86 points; 95% confidence interval: 0.58 to 5.14; p = 0.014). The maximal effect was observed in children who received >75% of the curriculum. Physical activity and body/heart awareness components, and knowledge and attitudes domains, were the main drivers of the effect (p values <0.05). Changes in emotion comprehension trended toward favoring intervened children. Conclusions: This multidimensional school-based educational intervention may be an effective strategy for establishing healthy behaviors among preschoolers from a diverse and socioeconomically disadvantaged community. Early primordial prevention strategies may contribute to reducing the global burden of cardiovascular disease. (Family-Based Approach in a Minority Community Integrating Systems-Biology for Promotion of Health [FAMILIAThis study is funded by the American Heart Association under grant No. 14SFRN20490315. The CNIC is supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505). Dr. Fernandez-Jimenez is a recipient of funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 707642. Dr. Bansilal is an employee of Bayer Pharmaceutical

Efectos De La Fertilización Nitrogenada Y Fosfatada Sobre Poblaciones De Micorrizas Asociadas Al Cultivo De Cacao

Cocoa is one of the most significant assets in the ecuadorian agricultural structure, which also provides a good source of income for thousands of farmworker families. However, fertilization research works in cocoa cultivation have been relatively scarce. Decades of global research have shown that mycorrhizal fungi determine the fertilization and conservation of agrosystems. Fertilization is considered to be among the cultural and agricultural practices affecting mycorrhizas, which diminishes or prevents the fungal colonization. The objectives of research works were the following: the characterization of mycorrhiza species associated with cocoa, to determine the effects of nitrogen and phosphate fertilization in plant population and to identify the critical dose affecting the fungus development. A factorial design was used (AxBxC), with two (2) application systems, four (4) doses of nitrogen fertilizer, and two (2) doses of phosphate fertilizer with three repetitions. The turkey’s test was used to evaluate means with confidence interval of 95%. The evaluated variables were: diameter and length of cocoa pods, number of cocoa pods per tree, index of cocoa beans and almond yield per hectare, as well as, mycorrhizal spore counting, percentage of mycorrhizal fungi colonization, visual density of endophyte, and characterization of mycorrhiza species. The results concluded that the application of 100 Kg/ha N + 70 kg/ha P in the system below the soil surface, achieved yield increments of 68% over the absolute witness. The same dose and application method, increased the number of spores per gram of soil, mycelium colonization and density of mycorrhizal endophyte in roots

Different Lifestyle Interventions in Adults From Underserved Communities: The FAMILIA Trial

BACKGROUND: The current trends of unhealthy lifestyle behaviors in underserved communities are disturbing. Thus, effective health promotion strategies constitute an unmet need. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of 2 different lifestyle interventions on parents/caregivers of children attending preschools in a socioeconomically disadvantaged community. METHODS: The FAMILIA (Family-Based Approach in a Minority Community Integrating Systems-Biology for Promotion of Health) study is a cluster-randomized trial involving 15 Head Start preschools in Harlem, New York. Schools, and their children's parents/caregivers, were randomized to receive either an "individual-focused" or "peer-to-peer-based" lifestyle intervention program for 12 months or control. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 12 months in a composite health score related to blood pressure, exercise, weight, alimentation, and tobacco (Fuster-BEWAT Score [FBS]), ranging from 0 to 15 (ideal health = 15). To assess the sustainability of the intervention, this study evaluated the change of FBS at 24 months. Main pre-specified secondary outcomes included changes in FBS subcomponents and the effect of the knowledge of presence of atherosclerosis as assessed by bilateral carotid/femoral vascular ultrasound. Mixed-effects models were used to test for intervention effects. RESULTS: A total of 635 parents/caregivers were enrolled: mean age 38 ± 11 years, 83% women, 57% Hispanic/Latino, 31% African American, and a baseline FBS of 9.3 ± 2.4 points. The mean within-group change in FBS from baseline to 12 months was ∼0.20 points in all groups, with no overall between-group differences. However, high-adherence participants to the intervention exhibited a greater change in FBS than their low-adherence counterparts: 0.30 points (95% confidence interval: 0.03 to 0.57; p = 0.027) versus 0.00 points (95% confidence interval: -0.43 to 0.43; p = 1.0), respectively. Furthermore, the knowledge by the participant of the presence of atherosclerosis significantly boosted the intervention effects. Similar results were sustained at 24 months. CONCLUSIONS: Although overall significant differences were not observed between intervention and control groups, the FAMILIA trial highlights that high adherence rates to lifestyle interventions may improve health outcomes. It also suggests a potential contributory role of the presentation of atherosclerosis pictures, providing helpful information to improve future lifestyle interventions in adults.AGENCIA FINANCIADORA: The American Heart Association, under grant No 14SFRN20490315, funded this study. R.F-J is a recipient of funding from the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 707642. The CNIC is supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (MCNU) and the Pro CNIC Foundation, and is a Severo Ochoa Center of Excellence (SEV-2015-0505).S