Intervenções de enfermagem na prevenção da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica

Relatório de Trabalho de Projeto apresentado para cumprimento dos requisitos necessários à obtenção do grau de Mestre em Enfermagem Médico-CirúrgicaNo âmbito da frequência do 4º Curso de Mestrado em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica na Escola Superior de Saúde do Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, realizámos várias atividades de índole académica e de entre elas a realização de estágios, os quais foram suportados por diversas metodologias de ensino aprendizagem de entre as quais realçamos a metodologia de trabalho de projeto. Assim elaboramos o presente relatório o qual pretende relatar o realizado, salientando: o Projeto de desenvolvimento Académico, o Projeto de Aprendizagem Clínica e as Competências de Mestre em Enfermagem Médico-Cirúrgica, desenvolvidos durante os Estágios I, II e III. O projeto de desenvolvimento académico, teve como base a Teoria da Incerteza de Merle Mishel e iniciou-se com a fase de diagnóstico da situação, onde foi detetado um problema: “Quais as intervenções de enfermagem para prevenir a Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica no utente?”. De forma a resolver esta questão, planeámos, executámos e avaliámos o projeto com o objetivo de melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados prestados ao utente submetido a ventilação mecânica. A divulgação do mesmo realizou-se com a elaboração de um artigo sobre as intervenções de enfermagem para prevenir a pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica, no contexto de cuidados intensivos. Para dar resposta à questão identificada foi realizada uma revisão integrativa da literatura (sem metanálise) com recurso a vários autores, nacionais, internacionais e guidelines. Nesta pesquisa encontrou-se respostas para a nossa questão de investigação e constatou-se que o nível de conhecimentos dos enfermeiros acerca da pneumonia associada à ventilação mecânica é reduzido. Paralelamente realizamos o projeto de aprendizagem clinica que visa dar resposta ao planeado para aquisição de competências especificas do Enfermeiro Especialista em Enfermagem em Pessoa em Situação Crítica e em Pessoa em Situação Crónica e Paliativa, bem como de Mestre em Enfermagem Médico-cirúrgica. Este relatório é a síntese de toda a aprendizagem teórica e prática desenvolvida ao longo do curso de mestrado que nos permitiu para além das competências adquiridas, enriquecer a nível pessoal.Over the attendance of the 4th Medical-Surgical Nursing Master’s Course at the Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, we were part of many academic activities among which we highlight the design work project. The present report, aims to describe the work developed during this course: The Academic Development Project, the Clinical Learning Project and the accomplished mastery skills in Medical-Surgical Nursing, developed during Stages I, II and III. The Academic Development Project was based on the Merle Mishel “Uncertainty Theory”. We began by identifying the situation and its problem: "What nursing interventions may be put into action to prevent Ventilator-associated Pneumonia?”. In order to address this, we planned and carried out a design work aiming to improve the quality of care provided to patients undergoing mechanical ventilation. A integrative literature review was performed (including national and international guidelines, and excluding meta-analysis studies) and it pointed out that the nursing knowledge on this particular issue was little and incomplete. Therefore we developed a paper work focusing on the nursing interventions for the prevention of Ventilator-induced Pneumonia, in the intensive care context. At the same time, a Clinical Learning Project was designed to meet the specific Nursing competencies concerning Chronic, Critical and Paliative patient conditions, as well as the skills and awareness of a Master in Medical-Surgical Nursing. This report is the summary of all theoretical and practical competences developed during the mastery program that enriched us, beyond knowledge, on a very personal level

Association of Gender with Clinical Expression, Quality of Life, Disability, and Depression and Anxiety in Patients with Systemic Sclerosis

OBJECTIVES: To assess the association of gender with clinical expression, health-related quality of life (HRQoL), disability, and self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). METHODS: SSc patients fulfilling the American College of Rheumatology and/or the Leroy and Medsger criteria were assessed for clinical symptoms, disability, HRQoL, self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety by specific measurement scales. RESULTS: Overall, 381 SSc patients (62 males) were included. Mean age and disease duration at the time of evaluation were 55.9 (13.3) and 9.5 (7.8) years, respectively. One-hundred-and-forty-nine (40.4%) patients had diffuse cutaneous SSc (dcSSc). On bivariate analysis, differences were observed between males and females for clinical symptoms and self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, however without reaching statistical significance. Indeed, a trend was found for higher body mass index (BMI) (25.0 [4.1] vs 23.0 [4.5], p = 0.013), more frequent dcSSc, echocardiography systolic pulmonary artery pressure >35 mmHg and interstitial lung disease in males than females (54.8% vs 37.2%, p = 0.010; 24.2% vs 10.5%, p = 0.003; and 54.8% vs 41.2%, p = 0.048, respectively), whereas calcinosis and self-reported anxiety symptoms tended to be more frequent in females than males (36.0% vs 21.4%, p = 0.036, and 62.3% vs 43.5%, p = 0.006, respectively). On multivariate analysis, BMI, echocardiography PAP>35 mmHg, and anxiety were the variables most closely associated with gender. CONCLUSIONS: In SSc patients, male gender tends to be associated with diffuse disease and female gender with calcinosis and self-reported symptoms of anxiety. Disease-associated disability and HRQoL were similar in both groups

Estimation of the prevalence of lymphoedema/chronic oedema in acute hospital in-patients

Background: To estimate the prevalence of lymphoedema/chronic oedema and wounds in acute hospital in-patients in 5 different countries. Method: A point-prevalence study was carried out during working day periods in six general hospitals in four countries (Denmark, France, United Kingdom, Australia) and one hospital oncology in-patient unit in one other country (Ireland). The study used validated clinical tools for the assessment and collection of data. Data were collected by expert clinicians through interviews and physical examination of the patients present in the wards. Results: A total of 1905 patients could be included and investigated among the 3041 total bed occupancy in the seven hospitals. Lymphoedema/chronic oedema was present in 723 of them (38%). Main risk factors associated with chronic oedema were age, morbid obesity and heart failure as well as chair bound immobility and neurological deficiency. History of cellulitis was frequent in patients with chronic oedema and wounds (24.8%), chronic oedema alone (14.1%) as compared to the 1.5% prevalence in patients without chronic oedema. Conclusion: Lymphoedema/chronic oedema is very frequent in patients hospitalized in hospital acute wards. It is strongly associated with obesity, venous insufficiency and heart failure. Our results strongly suggest a hidden health care burden and cost linked to chronic oedema independently of chronic wounds

Potentially inappropriate medication use among patients with Alzheimer disease in the REAL.FR cohort: be aware of atropinic and benzodiazepine drugs!

Abstract Objective Few studies have investigated potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of our study was to assess the prevalence of PIM in community-dwelling patients diagnosed with mild-to-moderate AD and identify the clinical factors associated with PIM prescriptions. Methods REAL.FR is a 4-year, prospective, multicenter French cohort of AD patients recruited in centers of expertise. We analyzed patient baseline data at entry into the study. PIMs were assessed using the Laroche list. A multivariate logistic regression was conducted to assess factors associated with PIMs. Results A total of 684 AD patients were enrolled in the study [mean age 77.9±6.8 years, 486 (71.0 %) females]. According to the Laroche list, 46.8 % [95 % confidence interval (CI) 43.0-50.5 %] of the patients had at least one PIM. "Cerebral vasodilators" were the most widely used class of PIM, accounting for 24.0 % (95 % CI 20.9-27.3 %) of all prescriptions, followed by atropinic drugs (17.0 %, 95 % CI 14.1-19.8 %) and long half-life benzodiazepines (8.5 %, 95 % CI 6.4-10.6 %). Atropinic drugs were associated with cholinesterase inhibitors in 16 % of patients. In the multivariate analysis, only two factors, namely, female gender [odds ratio (OR) 1.5, 95 % CI 1.1-2.2] and polypharmacy (≥5 drugs; OR3.6, 95 % CI 2.6-4.5) were associated with prescriptions for PIMs. Conclusions These results reveal that approximately one out of two community-dwelling patients with mild-to-moderate AD treated by AD specialists use PIMs. They also indicate that the characteristics of the disease and the pharmacodynamic/ pharmacokinetic profile of the drugs prescribed are not sufficiently taken into account by physicians when prescribing for AD patients

Vaccine breakthrough hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs

Life-threatening `breakthrough' cases of critical COVID-19 are attributed to poor or waning antibody response to the SARS- CoV-2 vaccine in individuals already at risk. Pre-existing autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs underlie at least 15% of critical COVID-19 pneumonia cases in unvaccinated individuals; however, their contribution to hypoxemic breakthrough cases in vaccinated people remains unknown. Here, we studied a cohort of 48 individuals ( age 20-86 years) who received 2 doses of an mRNA vaccine and developed a breakthrough infection with hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia 2 weeks to 4 months later. Antibody levels to the vaccine, neutralization of the virus, and auto- Abs to type I IFNs were measured in the plasma. Forty-two individuals had no known deficiency of B cell immunity and a normal antibody response to the vaccine. Among them, ten (24%) had auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs (aged 43-86 years). Eight of these ten patients had auto-Abs neutralizing both IFN-a2 and IFN-., while two neutralized IFN-omega only. No patient neutralized IFN-ss. Seven neutralized 10 ng/mL of type I IFNs, and three 100 pg/mL only. Seven patients neutralized SARS-CoV-2 D614G and the Delta variant (B.1.617.2) efficiently, while one patient neutralized Delta slightly less efficiently. Two of the three patients neutralizing only 100 pg/mL of type I IFNs neutralized both D61G and Delta less efficiently. Despite two mRNA vaccine inoculations and the presence of circulating antibodies capable of neutralizing SARS-CoV-2, auto-Abs neutralizing type I IFNs may underlie a significant proportion of hypoxemic COVID-19 pneumonia cases, highlighting the importance of this particularly vulnerable population

Identification of genetic variants associated with Huntington's disease progression: a genome-wide association study

Background Huntington's disease is caused by a CAG repeat expansion in the huntingtin gene, HTT. Age at onset has been used as a quantitative phenotype in genetic analysis looking for Huntington's disease modifiers, but is hard to define and not always available. Therefore, we aimed to generate a novel measure of disease progression and to identify genetic markers associated with this progression measure. Methods We generated a progression score on the basis of principal component analysis of prospectively acquired longitudinal changes in motor, cognitive, and imaging measures in the 218 indivduals in the TRACK-HD cohort of Huntington's disease gene mutation carriers (data collected 2008–11). We generated a parallel progression score using data from 1773 previously genotyped participants from the European Huntington's Disease Network REGISTRY study of Huntington's disease mutation carriers (data collected 2003–13). We did a genome-wide association analyses in terms of progression for 216 TRACK-HD participants and 1773 REGISTRY participants, then a meta-analysis of these results was undertaken. Findings Longitudinal motor, cognitive, and imaging scores were correlated with each other in TRACK-HD participants, justifying use of a single, cross-domain measure of disease progression in both studies. The TRACK-HD and REGISTRY progression measures were correlated with each other (r=0·674), and with age at onset (TRACK-HD, r=0·315; REGISTRY, r=0·234). The meta-analysis of progression in TRACK-HD and REGISTRY gave a genome-wide significant signal (p=1·12 × 10−10) on chromosome 5 spanning three genes: MSH3, DHFR, and MTRNR2L2. The genes in this locus were associated with progression in TRACK-HD (MSH3 p=2·94 × 10−8 DHFR p=8·37 × 10−7 MTRNR2L2 p=2·15 × 10−9) and to a lesser extent in REGISTRY (MSH3 p=9·36 × 10−4 DHFR p=8·45 × 10−4 MTRNR2L2 p=1·20 × 10−3). The lead single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in TRACK-HD (rs557874766) was genome-wide significant in the meta-analysis (p=1·58 × 10−8), and encodes an aminoacid change (Pro67Ala) in MSH3. In TRACK-HD, each copy of the minor allele at this SNP was associated with a 0·4 units per year (95% CI 0·16–0·66) reduction in the rate of change of the Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale (UHDRS) Total Motor Score, and a reduction of 0·12 units per year (95% CI 0·06–0·18) in the rate of change of UHDRS Total Functional Capacity score. These associations remained significant after adjusting for age of onset. Interpretation The multidomain progression measure in TRACK-HD was associated with a functional variant that was genome-wide significant in our meta-analysis. The association in only 216 participants implies that the progression measure is a sensitive reflection of disease burden, that the effect size at this locus is large, or both. Knockout of Msh3 reduces somatic expansion in Huntington's disease mouse models, suggesting this mechanism as an area for future therapeutic investigation

COVID-19 symptoms at hospital admission vary with age and sex: results from the ISARIC prospective multinational observational study

Background: The ISARIC prospective multinational observational study is the largest cohort of hospitalized patients with COVID-19. We present relationships of age, sex, and nationality to presenting symptoms. Methods: International, prospective observational study of 60 109 hospitalized symptomatic patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 recruited from 43 countries between 30 January and 3 August 2020. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate relationships of age and sex to published COVID-19 case definitions and the most commonly reported symptoms. Results: ‘Typical’ symptoms of fever (69%), cough (68%) and shortness of breath (66%) were the most commonly reported. 92% of patients experienced at least one of these. Prevalence of typical symptoms was greatest in 30- to 60-year-olds (respectively 80, 79, 69%; at least one 95%). They were reported less frequently in children (≤ 18 years: 69, 48, 23; 85%), older adults (≥ 70 years: 61, 62, 65; 90%), and women (66, 66, 64; 90%; vs. men 71, 70, 67; 93%, each P < 0.001). The most common atypical presentations under 60 years of age were nausea and vomiting and abdominal pain, and over 60 years was confusion. Regression models showed significant differences in symptoms with sex, age and country. Interpretation: This international collaboration has allowed us to report reliable symptom data from the largest cohort of patients admitted to hospital with COVID-19. Adults over 60 and children admitted to hospital with COVID-19 are less likely to present with typical symptoms. Nausea and vomiting are common atypical presentations under 30 years. Confusion is a frequent atypical presentation of COVID-19 in adults over 60 years. Women are less likely to experience typical symptoms than men

In vivo biomechanical evaluation of normal and pathological venous and lymphatic function in human

La prise en charge de l’insuffisance veineuse chronique (IVC) et du lymphœdème repose, traditionnellement, sur des méthodes de compression fondées sur des concepts généralement admis mais insuffisamment éprouvés. Le Projet « Phlébosthène », initié en 2010, comporte le développement et l’application d’outils d’étude biomécanique quantitative de l’œdème et des troubles fonctionnels veineux. Les études n°1 et 2 reposaient sur la volumétrie par mesures étagées de circonférence du membre supérieur chez des patientes présentant un lymphœdème. Elles ont montré la valeur prédictive des variations de volume obtenues par la phase intensive du traitement décongestif quant à l’évolution du lymphœdème à moyen terme et au risque de phénomène de rebond. L’étude n°3 a validé la volumétrie de membre par caméra laser 3D chez des sujets sains et des patients souffrant d’insuffisance veineuse chronique du membre inférieur, en comparaison à la volumétrie par déplacement d’eau, méthode de référence, avec l’avantage majeur de quantifier le volume du pied et de la main. L’étude n°4 comportait, au membre inférieur, la mesure des pressions d’interface, intraveineuse, et intramusculaire sans et avec orthèse de compression dégressive de force 2 et 3, et avec orthèse de compression progressive, au repos, lors d’une manœuvre de flexion-extension du pied en position allongée, et lors d’une manœuvre de haussement sur la pointe des pieds en position debout. L’échographie avec mesure de la force d’appui sur la sonde et analyse automatique d’image calculant l’aire veineuse permettait de déterminer la courbe force / aire d’une veine superficielle et d’une veine profonde du mollet en position allongée et debout. Nous avons inclus 57 patients souffrant d’IVC (21 au stade C1s, 18 au stade C3, et 18 au stade C5 selon la classification CEAP), et 54 sujets sains témoins (18 sédentaires, 18 actifs, 18 sportifs) appariés. Les mesures de pression intraveineuse et intramusculaire ont été réalisées chez un tiers des patients et sujets sains. Le traitement des données échographiques (1776 séquences) étant en cours, nous ne pouvons présenter que des résultats préliminaires et partiels. Les pressions d’interface évoluaient conformément aux attentes, atteignant des valeurs plus élevées sous compression de force 2 que sans compression, sous compression de force 3 que de force 2, et sous compression progressive que sous compression de force 2 ou 3. La compression progressive ne se distinguait nettement des compressions dégressives qu’au niveau du mollet et non de la cheville. Les pressions d’interface étaient généralement plus élevées, sous compression, chez les témoins et les patients au stade C5, et, à un moindre degré, au stade C3, que chez les patients au stade C1s. La pression intraveineuse variait en fonction de la posture et du mouvement et était corrélée à la taille du sujet et sa longueur de jambe en orthostatisme ainsi qu’avec le stade clinique d’IVC. La pression intramusculaire évoluait parallèlement à la compression. Les boucles force / aire veineuse montraient une hystérésis caractéristique, décrivant donc la viscoélasticité des veines examinées. L’analyse complète des résultats permettra de comparer les différentes orthèses de compression et leur effet sur la biomécanique veineuse des sujets sains et pathologiques, avec des données quantitatives sur les caractéristiques viscoélastiques des veines. Nous pourrons évaluer l’effet de l’activité physique en comparant les sujets sédentaires, actifs, et sportifs. L’objectif est, à terme, de produire un modèle mathématique permettant, à partir d’un ensemble limité de données obtenues de façon non-vulnérante, de prédire l’effet des différentes modalités de compression sur la biomécanique veineuse de façon à pouvoir déterminer, grâce à la description géométrique tridimensionnelle du membre, les paramètres individuels optimaux de compression.The conventional treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI) and lymphedema is based upon mechanical compression, relying on generally admitted but insufficiently proven concepts. The " Phlebosthene " project, initiated in 2010, involves the development and implementation of innovative tools for the quantitative biomechanical evaluation of edema and venous disorders. Studies #1 and #2 were based on the calculation of the upper limb volume by serial circumference measurements in patients with lymphedema. They demonstrated the predictive value of volume variations during the intensive phase of decongestive therapy as for the medium-term outcome and the risk of rebound phenomenon. Study #3 validated segmental limb volumetry by 3D laser scanning in healthy subjects and in patients with lower limb CVI, in comparison with water displacement (reference method), with the major advantage of quantifying the volume of the foot and toes. Study #4 included the measurement, at the lower limb, of interface, intravenous, and intramuscular pressure without and with compression stockings, comparing force 2 and force 3 graduated stockings with so-called progressive compression. Measurements were performed at rest, during flexion-extension movements of the foot while the subject was lying supine, and during a tip-toe test in the standing position. Synchronously recorded B-mode sonography with automatic image analysis allowed calculating the venous area and provided force / area curves of superficial and deep calf veins in the supine and in the standing position. We included 57 patients with CVI (21 at the C1s, 18 at the C3 and 18 at the C5 stage of CVI according to the CEAP classification), and 54 matched healthy controls (18 sedentary, 18 active, 18 sportive). Intravenous and intramuscular pressure measurements were performed in one third of patients. As the processing of the 1776 B-mode sonographic sequences is still underway, we can only offer here partial and preliminary results. Interface pressures evolved as expected, reaching higher values under graduated force 2 compression stockings than without compression, under graduated force 3 than force 2 compression, and under progressive than under graduated compression. Progressive compression clearly distinguished itself from graduated compression only at the calf but not at the ankle level. Interface pressures were generally higher, under compression, in controls and in patients with IVC at the C5 stage, and, to a lesser degree, at the C3 stage, than in patients at the C1s stage. Intravenous pressure varied with posture and movement and correlated with the subject’s size and leg length in orthostatic position, and with the CVI stage. The force / area curves of superficial and deep calf veins exhibited a characteristic hysteresis, yielding viscoelasticity information. When the database will be complete and consolidated, we will be able to compare different compression stockings and their effect on the venous biomechanics of healthy and pathological subjects, providing quantitative data on the viscoelastic characteristics of superficial and deep veins. We will also be able to assess the effect of physical activity on venous biomechanics by comparing sedentary, active, and sportive subjects. The confrontation of interface, intravenous, and intramuscular pressures with these biomechanical data will provide a mathematical model using a limited set of data obtained by simple and non-invasive measurements to predict the effect of compression stockings on the biomechanics of superficial and deep veins, in order to determine, with the help of 3D laser scanning, the optimal individual compression settings

Prolia® (denosumab) nouvel entrant dans le marché de l'ostéoporose (une molécule comme FORSTEO® (tériparatide) doit-elle adapter sa communication)

L'ostéoporose est un véritable problème de santé publique dans le monde et en France. Elle peut conduire à une augmentation du risque des fractures (en particulier la fracture vertébrale et de la hanche) qui ont un impact sur la qualité de vie des patients. Ces fractures entrainent des douleurs, une perte de stature, des états dépressifs, de l'incapacité ainsi qu'une augmentation de la mortalité. L'ostéoporose doit être diagnostiquée et prise en charge pour éviter ce risque de fracture. Cette prise en charge est multi thérapeutique et les traitements médicamenteux en font partie. L'arsenal thérapeutique des anti-ostéoporotiques se voit augmenté par l'arrivée de Prolia (denosumab) des laboratoires Amgen. Prolia est le premier inhibiteur spécifique du RANK ligand dans l'ostéoporose post-ménopausique. L'arrivée d'une nouvelle molécule sur un marché accélère le cycle de vie des produits déjà présents en saturant la demande. Les laboratoires Lilly sont présents sur le marché de l'ostéoporose depuis plusieurs années avec FORSTEO (tériparatide), un analogue de la parathormone humaine qui perme de reconstruire de l'os. Quel va être le positionnement de Prolia ? L'arrivée de Prolia va-t-elle modifier le positionnement de FORSTEO ? FORSTEO doit-il adapter sa communication ? Une analyse de l'environnement de ces deux molécules et de leur marché va permettre de répondre à ces questions.TOURS-BU Sciences Pharmacie (372612104) / SudocSudocFranceF

Forsteo® (stratégie de croissance d'un ostéoformateur dans le marché concurrentiel de l'ostéoporose post-ménopausique)

PARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF