How to become the Leader of the Mobile Telecom Industry

Five main observations have been made. First, the integration is likely to continue within the mobile telecom industry. Second, the value creation process will change significantly during the next few years. Third, the operators must reinvent their position in the value chain to maintain high profitability. Fourth, ecosystem keystones will capture most of the value. Fifth, flexibility will become even more important in the future. Both horizontal and vertical integration makes the companies larger and less flexible, which in turn makes it more difficult for them to adapt to the market and the rapidly changing consumer needs. However, it is through size, integration and cooperations that a company can take a keystone advantage position. To become a so called keystone, and be able to capture most of the value created within the industry, it is important to have the customer in focus and apply co-creation and the customers-as-innovators approach. By taking in the consumer early in a product development process, the risk of losing flexibility to changing consumer needs can be reduced. Currently, it is the operators and the mobile phone brands that are competing for the position as keystone within the mobile telecom industry

Relationship between the Clinical Frailty Scale and short-term mortality in patients ≥ 80 years old acutely admitted to the ICU: a prospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: The Clinical Frailty Scale (CFS) is frequently used to measure frailty in critically ill adults. There is wide variation in the approach to analysing the relationship between the CFS score and mortality after admission to the ICU. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of modelling approach on the association between the CFS score and short-term mortality and quantify the prognostic value of frailty in this context. METHODS: We analysed data from two multicentre prospective cohort studies which enrolled intensive care unit patients ≥ 80 years old in 26 countries. The primary outcome was mortality within 30-days from admission to the ICU. Logistic regression models for both ICU and 30-day mortality included the CFS score as either a categorical, continuous or dichotomous variable and were adjusted for patient's age, sex, reason for admission to the ICU, and admission Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score. RESULTS: The median age in the sample of 7487 consecutive patients was 84 years (IQR 81-87). The highest fraction of new prognostic information from frailty in the context of 30-day mortality was observed when the CFS score was treated as either a categorical variable using all original levels of frailty or a nonlinear continuous variable and was equal to 9% using these modelling approaches (p < 0.001). The relationship between the CFS score and mortality was nonlinear (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Knowledge about a patient's frailty status adds a substantial amount of new prognostic information at the moment of admission to the ICU. Arbitrary simplification of the CFS score into fewer groups than originally intended leads to a loss of information and should be avoided. Trial registration NCT03134807 (VIP1), NCT03370692 (VIP2)

The role of non-coding single-stranded oligonucleotides on Respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped RNA virus of the Pneumoviridae family. RSV is reported to infect host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, also called clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Many reports indicate that the virus utilizes the host receptor nucleolin for entry. RSV is one of the leading causes of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. It is therefore important to find viable treatments against RSV infections. To this date, the development of an RSV vaccine has unfortunately been unsuccessful. Therefore, a lot of research is instead focusing on developing entry or replication inhibitors against RSV. We have previously discovered that a 35 bases long single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON) can inhibit certain endocytic pathways, such as clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis. Based on this, the overall aim of the projects in this thesis is to investigate if ssON can work as an entry inhibitor against RSV and to study the overall effect that ssON has on RSV infection in vivo in a murine RSV challenge model. Furthermore, we aim to study the effect that proteins present in the surrounding extracellular environment of the virus have on the viral infectivity and pathogenesis. In Paper I we show that single-stranded oligonucleotides can inhibit RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that ssON shields nucleolin in vitro. Nucleolin is a receptor involved in RSV entry and by shielding nucleolin present in the cell membrane, ssON prevents RSV from binding to the cells. Furthermore, we show that ssON inhibits RSV infection in vivo. ssON treatment of RSV infection was associated with enhanced expression of RSV-induced Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), suggesting that interferon responses likely contributed to reduced RSV infection. As a continuation to Paper I, in Paper II we investigate if small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) exhibit the same antiviral capacity as ssON. We demonstrate that sncRNAs, of similar size as ssON, can inhibit RSV infection in vitro and similarly to ssON, they bind to the entry co-receptor nucleolin. In Paper III we study the pathogenesis of RSV. We show that proteins from the extracellular environment of the virus can bind to the virus and affect the viral infectivity as well as the interaction of the virus with host cells. We determine that RSV accumulates a rich and distinctive protein corona in different biological fluids including human plasma (HP), human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), non-human primate plasma (MP) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). We show that RSV incubated with BALF has an increased viral infectivity in epithelial HEp-2 and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs). Moreover, RSV surrounded by a BALF-derived corona induce the activation of moDCs as assessed by increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules. In summary, the projects in this thesis aim to assess the hypothesis that single-stranded oligonucleotides of DNA or RNA origin can be used to inhibit RSV infection. Furthermore, we aim to determine the effects, in terms of viral infectivity and pathogenesis, of the differential protein compositions present in biological fluids surrounding viruses

The role of non-coding single-stranded oligonucleotides on Respiratory syncytial virus infection

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is an enveloped RNA virus of the Pneumoviridae family. RSV is reported to infect host cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis, also called clathrin-dependent endocytosis. Many reports indicate that the virus utilizes the host receptor nucleolin for entry. RSV is one of the leading causes of acute lower respiratory tract infection in children, the elderly and immunocompromised individuals. It is therefore important to find viable treatments against RSV infections. To this date, the development of an RSV vaccine has unfortunately been unsuccessful. Therefore, a lot of research is instead focusing on developing entry or replication inhibitors against RSV. We have previously discovered that a 35 bases long single-stranded oligonucleotide (ssON) can inhibit certain endocytic pathways, such as clathrin- and caveolin-dependent endocytosis. Based on this, the overall aim of the projects in this thesis is to investigate if ssON can work as an entry inhibitor against RSV and to study the overall effect that ssON has on RSV infection in vivo in a murine RSV challenge model. Furthermore, we aim to study the effect that proteins present in the surrounding extracellular environment of the virus have on the viral infectivity and pathogenesis. In Paper I we show that single-stranded oligonucleotides can inhibit RSV infection in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that ssON shields nucleolin in vitro. Nucleolin is a receptor involved in RSV entry and by shielding nucleolin present in the cell membrane, ssON prevents RSV from binding to the cells. Furthermore, we show that ssON inhibits RSV infection in vivo. ssON treatment of RSV infection was associated with enhanced expression of RSV-induced Interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs), suggesting that interferon responses likely contributed to reduced RSV infection. As a continuation to Paper I, in Paper II we investigate if small non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) exhibit the same antiviral capacity as ssON. We demonstrate that sncRNAs, of similar size as ssON, can inhibit RSV infection in vitro and similarly to ssON, they bind to the entry co-receptor nucleolin. In Paper III we study the pathogenesis of RSV. We show that proteins from the extracellular environment of the virus can bind to the virus and affect the viral infectivity as well as the interaction of the virus with host cells. We determine that RSV accumulates a rich and distinctive protein corona in different biological fluids including human plasma (HP), human bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), non-human primate plasma (MP) and fetal bovine serum (FBS). We show that RSV incubated with BALF has an increased viral infectivity in epithelial HEp-2 and monocyte-derived dendritic cells (moDCs). Moreover, RSV surrounded by a BALF-derived corona induce the activation of moDCs as assessed by increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules. In summary, the projects in this thesis aim to assess the hypothesis that single-stranded oligonucleotides of DNA or RNA origin can be used to inhibit RSV infection. Furthermore, we aim to determine the effects, in terms of viral infectivity and pathogenesis, of the differential protein compositions present in biological fluids surrounding viruses

Onlineboklådors existens : En studie om kundens transaktionskostnader

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken roll kundens transaktionskostnader för bokköp har för betydelse när det kommer till onlineboklådornas existens. Undersökningsdesign: I denna uppsats har en enkätundersökning gjorts med hjälp av campusstudenter på BTH. Enkäten skickades ut via mail samt att den delades ut till slumpmässigt utvalda studenter på campus. Slutsats: Av studien vi har gjort kom vi fram till att transaktionskostnader för kunden har en viss betydelse när det kommer till existensen av onlineboklådor

Onlineboklådors existens : En studie om kundens transaktionskostnader

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilken roll kundens transaktionskostnader för bokköp har för betydelse när det kommer till onlineboklådornas existens. Undersökningsdesign: I denna uppsats har en enkätundersökning gjorts med hjälp av campusstudenter på BTH. Enkäten skickades ut via mail samt att den delades ut till slumpmässigt utvalda studenter på campus. Slutsats: Av studien vi har gjort kom vi fram till att transaktionskostnader för kunden har en viss betydelse när det kommer till existensen av onlineboklådor

Amningsduration vid sectio och vaginalförlossning : Breastfeeding duration at cesarean section and vaginal delivery. Apopulationbased register study.

Bakgrund: Amning är av stor betydelse för det nyfödda barnet och mamma, både ur närings- och trygghetsaspekter. Tidigare studier om sambandet mellan förlossningssätt och amning visar motstridiga resultat; vissa studier indikerar att sectio påverkar amningen negativt medan andra studier inte visar på något samband.Syftet: Att undersöka huruvida det finns demografiska och hälsorelaterade skillnader hos mammor gällande förlossningssätt samt om förlossningssätt påverkar amningsdurationen upp till två månaders ålder.Metod: Studien har en populationsbaserad kohortdesign och omfattar n= 35250 mamma-barn par i Örebro- och Uppsala län, där barnet fötts åren 1993-2001. Statistiska analyser har genomförts med Chi-square test, binär logistisk regressionsanalys och multivariat logistik regressionsanalys.Resultat: Visade att mammor som förlösts med sectio ammade i lägre utsträckning vid två månaders ålder i jämförelse med mammor som förlösts vaginalt. Många riskfaktorer identifierades för en ökad risk att förlösas med sectio: län, hälsofaktorer hos mamma och barn, paritet, mammans ålder, rökning samt socioekonomiska faktorer. Resultatet kan hjälpa barnmorskan i hennes profession, genom att kunskap erhålls om dessa samband. Barnmorskan kan därmed identifiera riskfaktorer, arbeta förebyggande och underlätta initieringen av amning.Konklusion: Barnmorskor kan med hjälp av denna studie öka medvetenheten hos vårdpersonal angående sectioförlösta mammors behov av extra stöd vid initiering av amning

Kan ett zoo få nybörjarelever i spanska att samtala?

Stockholm Teaching and Learning Studie