Minimization of Handoff Failure Probability for Next-Generation Wireless Systems

During the past few years, advances in mobile communication theory have enabled the development and deployment of different wireless technologies, complementary to each other. Hence, their integration can realize a unified wireless system that has the best features of the individual networks. Next-Generation Wireless Systems (NGWS) integrate different wireless systems, each of which is optimized for some specific services and coverage area to provide ubiquitous communications to the mobile users. In this paper, we propose to enhance the handoff performance of mobile IP in wireless IP networks by reducing the false handoff probability in the NGWS handoff management protocol. Based on the information of false handoff probability, we analyze its effect on mobile speed and handoff signaling delay.Comment: 16 Page

Nabla fractional derivative and fractional integral on time scales

In this paper, we introduce the nabla fractional derivative and fractional integral on time scales in the Riemann–Liouville sense. We also introduce the nabla fractional derivative in Grünwald–Letnikov sense. Some of the basic properties and theorems related to nabla fractional calculus are discussed.publishe

Variability in mortality following caesarean delivery, appendectomy, and groin hernia repair in low-income and middle-income countries: a systematic review and analysis of published data

Background Surgical interventions occur at lower rates in resource-poor settings, and complication and death rates following surgery are probably substantial but have not been well quantifi ed. A deeper understanding of outcomes is a crucial step to ensure that high quality accompanies increased global access to surgical care. We aimed to assess surgical mortality following three common surgical procedures—caesarean delivery, appendectomy, and groin (inguinal and femoral) hernia repair—to quantify the potential risks of expanding access without simultaneously addressing issues of quality and safety. Methods We collected demographic, health, and economic data for 113 countries classifi ed as low income or lower-middle income by the World Bank in 2005. We did a systematic review of Ovid, MEDLINE, PubMed, and Scopus from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 15, 2015, to identify studies in these countries reporting all-cause mortality following the three commonly undertaken operations. Reports from governmental and other agencies were also identifi ed and included. We modelled surgical mortality rates for countries without reported data using a two-step multiple imputation method. We fi rst used a fully conditional specifi cation (FCS) multiple imputation method to establish complete datasets for all missing variables that we considered potentially predictive of surgical mortality. We then used regression-based predictive mean matching imputation methods, specifi ed within the multiple imputation FCS method, for selected predictors for each operation using the completed dataset to predict mortality rates along with confi dence intervals for countries without reported mortality data. To account for variability in data availability, we aggregated results by subregion and estimated surgical mortality rates. Findings From an initial 1302 articles and reports identifi ed, 247 full-text articles met our inclusion criteria, and 124 provided data for surgical mortality for at least one of the three selected operations. We identifi ed 42 countries with mortality data for at least one of the three procedures. Median reported mortality was 7·9 per 1000 operations for caesarean delivery (IQR 2·8–19·9), 2·2 per 1000 operations for appendectomy (0·0–17·2), and 4·9 per 1000 operations for groin hernia (0·0–11·7). Perioperative mortality estimates by subregion ranged from 2·8 (South Asia) to 50·2 (East Asia) per 1000 caesarean deliveries, 2·4 (South Asia) to 54·0 (Central sub-Saharan Africa) per 1000 appendectomies, and 0·3 (Andean Latin America) to 25·5 (Southern sub-Saharan Africa) per 1000 hernia repairs. Interpretation All-cause postoperative mortality rates are exceedingly variable within resource-constrained environments. Eff orts to expand surgical access and provision of services must include a strong commitment to improve the safety and quality of care

Vinegar production from vegetable waste: Optimization of physical condition and kinetic modeling of fermentation process

508-516Vegetable waste, as a low cost natural product, has been used as a source of vinegar production. In the present study, the physical conditions for fermentation by Acetobacter aceti (NCIM 2116) have been optimized and fermentation kinetics of the acetification has been studied in a batch system. The highest acetic acid production of 5.98% occured when pH is 6.2, temperature was 30°C and time is 90 h. Analysis of eigen values predict pH is the most significant factor for production. FTIR study confirmed the presence of C=O, O-H, N-H, CH3, CH2 groups in acetic acid. A simple kinetic model has been suggested using logistic equation for growth and the Luedeking - Piret equation for vinegar production and substrate utilization. The model parameters are μm= 0.0554 h-1, α= 3.3903 g/g of biomass, β= 0.0219 g/g of biomass.h-1, S0=70.538 g/L. A significant inhibitory effect of accumulation of acetic acid on growth of A.aceti has been found. It is presumed that end product limits growth by acting as an uncoupling agent

Vinegar production from vegetable waste: Optimization of physical condition and kinetic modeling of fermentation process

Vegetable waste, as a low cost natural product, has been used as a source of vinegar production. In the present study, the physical conditions for fermentation by Acetobacter aceti (NCIM 2116) have been optimized and fermentation kinetics of the acetification has been studied in a batch system. The highest acetic acid production of 5.98% occured when pH is 6.2, temperature was 30°C and time is 90 h. Analysis of eigen values predict pH is the most significant factor for production. FTIR study confirmed the presence of C=O, O-H, N-H, CH3, CH2 groups in acetic acid. A simple kinetic model has been suggested using logistic equation for growth and the Luedeking - Piret equation for vinegar production and substrate utilization. The model parameters are μm= 0.0554 h-1, α= 3.3903 g/g of biomass, β= 0.0219 g/g of biomass.h-1, S0=70.538 g/L. A significant inhibitory effect of accumulation of acetic acid on growth of A.aceti has been found. It is presumed that end product limits growth by acting as an uncoupling agent

Application of cell-free fetal DNA for early evaluation of preeclampsia to reduce maternal mortality by low-cost method – A prospective cohort study

334-340Adverse pregnancy outcomes such as preeclampsia are the leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality in the world and its incidence is increasing. It has been observed in some studies that cell-free fetal DNA (cff DNA) is increased in maternal serum associated with preeclampsia. In the present study, we have tested whether the elevated amount of cff DNA in maternal plasma is associated with PE and development of new marker by the low-cost method to predict preeclampsia. Twenty-one pregnant women within the age group of 20–30 years attending for routine antenatal checkups at (G & O) antenatal OPD after 20 weeks with fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of preeclampsia were included in our study. Age-matched pregnant women without hypertension were included as controls. A complete clinical history and anthropometric observation showed that gravida (total number of pregnancy in a patient including present pregnancy), gestational age, gestational age at birth, birth weight in preeclampsia subjects were non-significantly lower than normotensive subjects. Blood analysis showed lower platelet count and higher creatinine level, bilirubin level, and liver enzyme activities in preeclampsia subjects in comparison to normotensive subjects. Identification of cell-free fetal DNA (cff DNA) in maternal plasma by using two in-house methods (phenol-chloroform-isopropanol and NaI) was found comparable and its content (GE/µL) in preeclampsia subjects were significantly higher than the normotensive subjects. Correlation analysis showed that APGAR score was significantly negatively correlated with both systolic and diastolic blood pressure and significantly positively correlated with gestational age and gestational age at birth; whereas, cff DNA was significantly positively correlated with blood pressure but significantly negatively correlated with platelet count. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that APGAR score, which is one of the indicators of physiologic maturity of the infant is severely affected by the causative factors of preeclampsia and cell-free fetal DNA quantification may be a promising marker for future adverse pregnancy outcome

Anatomical reconstruction of unstable trochanteric fractures through posterior approach

Objective Unstable intertrochanteric fractures continue to be a challenge for orthopedic surgeons due to the functional limitations it results in the postoperative period. Anatomical reconstruction of the posteromedial fragment becomes difficult through conventional lateral approach, leading to excessive fracture collapse and limping. Materials and Methods: prospective, nonrandomized study was done with 40 patients. They were operated in prone position through posterior approach. Cancellous screws or SS-wires were used to fix the greater or lesser trochanteric fragments and dynamic hip screw (DHS) or dynamic condylar screw (DCS) for the main two fragments. Bone grafts were used to pack cavities at the posterior trochanteric regions. Results: Fracture healing occurred earlier compared to conventional lateral approach without excessive fracture collapse in majority of cases (average time to achieve union was 13.8 weeks; range: 10–18 weeks). Good functional recovery was noted with 75% 'Good' or 'Excellent' Harris Hip Scores at 24 weeks. Conclusion: Anatomical reconstruction of unstable trochanteric fractures becomes easier through posterior approach with earlier and better functional recovery