Duplicación, organización genómica y regulación transcripcional de los receptores de la hormona del crecimiento de peces. Aspectos básicos y aplicados en dorada Sparus aurata.

Los primeros receptores de hormona de crecimiento (GHR) descritos en peces se agruparon en dos grupos, las secuencias descritas en peces salmónidos y las descritas en peces no salmónidos. Las de peces no salmónidos presentaron una gran conservación estructural con las secuencias de mamíferos, pero las secuencias de peces salmónidos muestraron un bajo nivel de identidad aminoacídica con ausencia de un par de cisteínas extracelulares y un diferente patrón de tirosinas intracelulares. Llegados a este punto, se planteó la hipótesis de la existencia de dos formas alternativas para el gen GHR en el genoma de los peces: la forma de los peces no salmónidos (GHR-I) y la de los peces salmónidos (GHR-II). A la luz de esta hipótesis se plantearon los siguientes objetivos: 1) Abordar la caracterización molecular y organización genómica de los receptores de la hormona del crecimiento en peces teleósteos, 2) analizar la divergencia evolutiva de los receptores de la hormona del crecimiento en los peces teleósteos, 3) analizar en dorada el patrón de regulación transcripcional de los receptores de la hormona del crecimiento y 4) definir en dorada el uso de los receptores de la hormona del crecimiento como biomarcadores de crecimiento y estrés por confinamiento y exposición a patógeno. Para analizar la divergencia evolutiva, se diseñaron cebadores degenerados en base a las secuencias de los GHR descritos previamente en los peces salmónidos. Utilizando estos cebadores en una estrategia de RT-PCR, se determinó la existencia del GHR-II en dorada, trucha y lubina. Las nuevas secuencias de GHR-II presentaron las mismas características estructurales que las secuencias de salmónidos y se agruparon con ellas al realizar un análisis filogenético. De esta manera se definió lo que sería en grupo de secuencias de GHR-II de peces mientras que el resto de secuencias de peces corresponderían al GHR-I. La caracterización molecular de ambos GHR en dorada mostró la misma organización genómica que el GHR de mamíferos, con la salvedad de la falta de un exón homólogo al 3 de mamíferos y la presencia de un intrón adicional en el exón 10 del GHR-I. Además se determinó que ambos receptores presentaron un único sitio de inicio de la transcripción en contraposición a la situación de mamíferos: un único receptor con diferentes inicios de la transcripción. Esta diferente organización sugirió que el gen del GHR se ajusta al modelo de evolución por subfuncionalización. Para analizar su regulación transcripcional, se midió la expresión de ambos GHR junto con la de IGF-I e IGF-II bajo diferentes modelos experimentales en dorada. Los modelos estudiados fueron ayuno, estación, edad, infección por patógeno (Enteromyxum leei) y estrés por confinamiento. De estas experiencias se dedujo que la mayor de expresión de ambos GHR se dio en hígado y que los cambios en la concentración de IGF-I circulante reflejaron su expresión a nivel hepático. La expresión del GHR-I estuvo altamente correlacionada con la expresión de IGF-I e IGF-II en las experiencias de estación, edad e infección por patógeno tanto a nivel hepático como extrahepático. Sin embargo, en el modelo de estrés por confinamiento, la disminución de la expresión hepática de la IGF-I e IGF-II reflejó los cambios en la expresión del GHR-II. Esto estuvo en consonancia con los sitios de unión de factores de transcripción presentes en su región flanqueante. El modelo propuesto mostró una regulación diferencial de los GHR de dorada, aunque no se pudo excluir un cierto solapamiento funcional con independencia de que fueran promiscuos o específicos de la GH.The first fish growth hormone receptor (GHR) sequences were grouped in two major groups: salmonid fish and non-salmonid fish. Sequences of non-salmonid fish showed a high structural conservation with those of mammals. On the other hand, sequences of salmonid fish showed a low level of aminoacid identity with the lack of two extracellular cysteines and a different intracellular tyrosine pattern. At that moment, the existence of two alternative copies of the GHR gene in fish genomes, GHR-I (non-salmonid form) and GHR-II (salmonid form), was hypothesised. Following that hypothesis, we formulated the following objectives: 1) Address the molecular characterization and genomic organization of GHRs in teleost fish, 2) analyse their evolutional divergence, 3) analyse their transcriptional regulation in gilthead sea bream and 4) define their use in gilthead sea bream as biomarkers of growth and stress. The presence of GHR-II was demonstrated for the first time in gilthead sea bream, European sea bass and rainbow trout. In addition, the genomic organization of both GHR was elucidated in gilthead sea bream. Fish GHR showed the same genomic organization than human GHR except for the lack of the exon 3 and the presence of a short intron within GHR-I exon 10. Moreover, fish GHRs only contained a transcription start site whereas tetrapods’ GHR has several sites. The transcriptional regulation of gilthead sea bream GHR-I, GHR-II, IGF-I and IGF-II was assessed in basis to fasting, season, age, stress and parasite challenge (Enteromixum leei). In basis to our results, the expression of GHR-I was higher in hepatic tissue. Moreover, changes in circulating IGF-I levels reflected the IGF-I hepatic expression. GHR-I expression was highly correlated with IGF expression in season, age and parasite challenge at hepatic and extrahepatic level. However, changes in IGF expression under stress were correlated to hepatic GHR-II expression. This fact agreed with the transcription factor binding sites found in the 5’flanquing region of GHR-II. In summary, coexpression analyses suggest a key role of GHR-I in the tissue-specific regulation of IGFs in gilthead sea bream. Some functional redundancy of GHR-I and GHR-II cannot be excluded, emerging GHR-II as a stress and redox-sensitive gene

Automated Scalable Heat Shock Modification for Standard Aquatic Housing Systems

Heat shock is a common technique for inducible gene expression system in a variety of organisms. Heat shock treatment of adult zebrafish is more involved and generally consists of manually transferring fish between housing rack tanks and preheated water tanks or the use of timed heaters in stand-alone aquaria. To avoid excessive fish handling and to take advantage of the continuous flow of a standard housing rack, proposed modifications consisted of installing an aquarium heater inside each tank, manually setting the heater to reach heat shocking temperatures (>37°C) and, after that, testing that every tank responded equally. To address the limitations in the existing systems, we developed a novel modification of standard zebrafish housing racks to perform heat shock treatment in conditions of continuous water flow. By adding an extra manifold to the housing rack and connecting it to a recirculating bath to create a parallel water flow system, we can increase the temperature from standard conditions (28.5°C) to heat shock conditions with high precision (38.0?38.3°C, mean±SD=38.1°C±0.14°C) and minimal variation among experimental tanks (coefficient of variation [CV]=0.04%). This means that there is virtually no need for laborious pretreatment calibrations or continuous adjustments to minimize intertank variation. To test the effectiveness of our design, we utilized this system to induce enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) expression in hsp70-EGFP fish and performed a fin regeneration experiment with hsp70l:dnfgfr1-EGFP fish to confirm that heat-induced gene expression reached physiological levels. In summary, our newly described aquatic heat shock system minimizes effort during heat shock experiments, while ensuring the best water quality and fish welfare and facilitating large heat shock settings or the use of multiple transgenic lines for both research and teaching experiments.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/140304/1/zeb.2015.1087.pd

Agouti overexpression in a transgenic model regulates integrity, permeability and electrogenic amino acid transport in zebrafish intestine

Overexpression of asip1 in transgenic zebrafish disrupts dorsoventral pigment pattern in addition to increasing food intake levels and linear growth. A higher feed intake is unnecessary in transgenic fish to enable larger and heavier growth. A plausible explanation may rely on the enhanced feeding efficiency mediated by improved nutrient absorption in transgenic animals. To test this hypothesis, wide scope transcriptomic techniques were used to elucidate the potential pathways involved in the enhanced nutrient absorption and intestinal epithelium permeability/integrity. In addition, the electrogenic capacity for amino acid transport was analysed. Transcriptomic analysis reveal that amino acid, monocarboxylates, ionic and vitamin transmembrane transporters were substantially modified. Enrichment analysis also revealed an inhibition of intestinal lipid metabolism and down-regulation of KEGG pathways related to membrane integrity suggesting augmented intestinal laxity that may enhance paracellular transport. Electrophysiological experiments carried out in Ussing chambers show that asip1 overexpression decrease membraned tissue resistance (Rt), indicating a modification of the intestinal barrier function in ASIP1 transgenic animals. Similarly, paracellular permeability was higher in transgenic zebrafish. Both the decrease in Rt and the increase in permeability point to an ASIP1-dependent decrease in the tissue barrier function. Electrogenic amino acid transport was also enhanced in transgenic animals providing strong indication that ASIP1 fish can extract more amino acids from their diet at similar feeding levels. Both transcriptomic and electrophysiological results suggest that asip1-overexpressing zebrafish display improved nutrient absorption and by extension a higher feed efficiency which explains enhanced growth in the absence of augmented food intake. The enhanced growth of ASIP1 zebrafish potentially mediated by improved nutrient uptake and feed efficiency suggests that the melanocortin system, specifically asip1 overexpression, is a potential target for the development of genetically engineered fish displaying improved performance and no differential lipid accumulation.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Anti-TNF Therapies Suppress Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Crohn's Disease

Anti-TNF biologics have been shown to markedly improve the quality of life for patients with Crohn's disease (CD), yet one-third of patients fail to benefit from this treatment. Patients with CD develop a characteristic wrapping of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) in the inflamed intestinal area, termed creeping fat, and it is known that adipose tissue expansion influences the efficacy of anti-TNF drugs. We questioned whether anti-TNF therapies impact the creeping fat in CD, which might affect the outcome of the disease. Adipose tissue biopsies were obtained from a cohort of 14 patients with CD that received anti-TNF drugs and from 29 non-anti-TNF-treated patients (control group) matched by sex, age, and body mass index undergoing surgical interventions for symptomatic complications. We found that anti-TNF therapies restored adipose tissue morphology and suppressed immune cell infiltration in the creeping fat. Additionally, anti-TNF treatments appeared to markedly improve the pro-inflammatory phenotype of adipose-tissue macrophages and adipose-tissue-derived stem cells. Our study provides evidence that anti-TNF medications influence immune cells and progenitor cells in the creeping of patients with CD, suppressing inflammation. We propose that perilesional VAT should be considered when administering anti-TNF therapy in patients with C

Fine-tuned KDM1A alternative splicing regulates human cardiomyogenesis through an enzymatic-independent mechanism

The histone demethylase KDM1A is a multi- faceted regulator of vital developmental processes, including mesodermal and cardiac tube formation during gastrulation. However, it is unknown whether the fine-tuning of KDM1A splicing isoforms, already shown to regulate neuronal maturation, is crucial for the specification and maintenance of cell identity during cardiogenesis. Here, we discovered a temporal modulation of ubKDM1A and KDM1A+2a during human and mice fetal cardiac development and evaluated their impact on the regulation of cardiac differentiation. We revealed a severely impaired cardiac differentiation in KDM1A(-/-) hESCs that can be rescued by re-expressing ubKDM1A or catalytically impaired ubKDM1A-K661A, but not by KDM1A+2a or KDM1A+2a-K661A. Conversely, KDM1A+2a(-/-) hESCs give rise to functional cardiac cells, displaying increased beating amplitude and frequency and enhanced expression of critical cardiogenic markers. Our findings prove the existence of a divergent scaffolding role of KDM1A splice variants, independent of their enzymatic activity, during hESC differentiation into cardiac cells

Aquamax: Sustainable aquafeeds to maximize the health effects of farmed fish for consumers

Jornada de Divulgación Proyecto Europeo AQUAMAX celebrada en el Instituto de Acuicultura de Torre de la Sal (Castellón) el 24 de noviembre de 2010.El Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal del CSIC organiza una jornada que tiene como objetivo divulgar la investigación sobre el proyecto europeo AQUAMAX. Este proyecto centra su investigación en reemplazar en lo posible los piensos basados en pescado y el aceite de pescado usado actualmente para alimentar a los peces por recursos alternativos libres de contaminantes. Se conseguiría así maximizar el crecimiento, mejorar la conversión del alimento e incrementar la salud y el bienestar de los peces criados en piscifactorías. Además aumentaría la seguridad y calidad del producto que llega finalmente a los consumidores. La jornada contará con la participación del Doctor S. Kaushik del Instituto Nacional para la Investigación Agronómica de Francia, el Doctor Marc Berntssen del Instituto Nacional de Nutrición e Investigación del Alimento Marino de Noruega y el Profesor Jaume Pérez del Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal del CSIC. En las diferentes intervenciones se tratarán temas del proyecto AQUAMAX como la calidad de los alimentos, la seguridad en la alimentación, así como diversas investigaciones basadas en las doradas.Peer Reviewe

Dietary creatine supplementation in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) increases dorsal muscle area and the expression of myod1 and capn1 genes

Creatine (Cr) is an amino acid derivative with an important role in the cell as energy buffer that has been largely used as dietary supplement to increase muscle strength and lean body mass in healthy individuals and athletes. However, studies in fish are scarce. The aim of this work is to determine whether dietary Cr supplementation affects muscle growth in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) juveniles. Fish were fed ad libitum for 69 days with diets containing three increasing levels of creatine monohydrate (2, 5, and 8%) that were compared with a non-supplemented control (CTRL) diet. At the end of the trial, the fast-twist skeletal muscle growth dynamics (muscle cellularity) and the expression of muscle-related genes were evaluated. There was a general trend for Cr-fed fish to be larger and longer than those fed the CTRL, but no significant differences in daily growth index (DGI) were registered among dietary treatments. The dorsal cross-sectional muscle area (DMA) of fish fed Cr 5 and Cr 8% was significantly larger than that of fish fed CTRL. The groups supplemented with Cr systematically had a higher relative number of both small-sized (= 20)mu m). Dorsal total fibers number was highest in fish fed 5% Cr. In fish supplemented with 5% Cr, the relative expression of myogenic differentiation 1 (myod1) increased almost four times compared to those fed the CTRL diet. The relative expression of calpain 3 (capn3) was highest in fish fed diets with 2% Cr supplementation, but did not differ significantly from those fed the CTRL or Cr 5%. The myod1 gene expression had a positive and significant correlation with that of capn1, capnsla, and capn3 expression. These results suggest that the observed modulation of gene expression was not enough to produce a significant alteration in muscle phenotype under the tested conditions, as a non-significant increase in muscle fiber diameter and higher total number of fiber was observed, but still resulted in increased DMA. Additional studies may be required in order to better clarify the effect of dietary Cr supplementation in fish, possibly in conjunction with induced resistance training.project AQUAVALOR Development of a farmed fish as a functional food: Natural nutrient fortification and allergenic potential reduction, PROMAR - Projeto Piloto 31-03-05-FEP-0060 ValorMar Valorizacao integral dos recursos marinhos: potencial, inovacao tecnologica e novas aplicacoes, (Mobilizing R&TD Programs, Portugal 2020) - European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) 24517 10/SI/2016 European Social Fund (ESF) Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia (Portugal) PD/BDE/114436/2016 FCT - Foundation for Science and Technology UID/Multi/04326/2019info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Acute physiological stress down-regulates mRNA expressions of growth-related genes in coho salmon

Growth and development in fish are regulated to a major extent by growth-related factors, such as liver-derived insulin-like growth factor (IGF) -1 in response to pituitary-secreted growth hormone (GH) binding to the GH receptor (GHR). Here, we report on the changes in the expressions of gh, ghr, and igf1 genes and the circulating levels of GH and IGF-1 proteins in juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in response to handling as an acute physiological stressor. Plasma GH levels were not significantly different between stressed fish and prestressed control. Plasma IGF-1 concentrations in stressed fish 1.5 h post-stress were the same as in control fish, but levels in stressed fish decreased significantly 16 h post-stress. Real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) analysis showed that ghr mRNA levels in pituitary, liver, and muscle decreased gradually in response to the stressor. After exposure to stress, hepatic igf1 expression transiently increased, whereas levels decreased 16 h post-stress. On the other hand, the pituitary gh mRNA level did not change in response to the stressor. These observations indicate that expression of gh, ghr, and igf1 responded differently to stress. Our results show that acute physiological stress can mainly down-regulate the expressions of growth-related genes in coho salmon in vivo. This study also suggests that a relationship between the neuroendocrine stress response and growth-related factors exists in fish.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Cloning of somatolactin alpha, beta forms and the somatolactin receptor in Atlantic salmon: Seasonal expression profile in pituitary and ovary of maturing female broodstock

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Somatolactin (Sl) is a fish specific adenohypophyseal peptide hormone related to growth hormone (Gh). Some species, including salmonids, possess two forms: Sl alpha and Sl beta. The somatolactin receptor (slr) is closely related to the growth hormone receptor (ghr). Sl has been ascribed many physiological functions, including a role in sexual maturation. In order to clarify the role of Sl in the sexual maturation of female Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar), the full length cDNAs of slr, Sl alpha and Sl beta were cloned and their expression was studied throughout a seasonal reproductive cycle using real-time quantitative PCR (RTqPCR).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Atlantic salmon Sl alpha, Sl beta and slr cDNAs were cloned using a PCR approach. Gene expression of Sl alpha, SL beta and slr was studied using RTqPCR over a 17 month period encompassing pre-vitellogenesis, vitellogenesis, ovulation and post ovulation in salmon females. Histological examination of ovarian samples allowed for the classification according to the degree of follicle maturation into oil drop, primary, secondary or tertiary yolk stage.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The mature peptide sequences of Sl alpha, Sl beta and slr are highly similar to previously cloned salmonid forms and contained the typical motifs. Phylogenetic analysis of Atlantic salmon Sl alpha and Sl beta shows that these peptides group into the two Sl clades present in some fish species. The Atlantic salmon slr grouped with salmonid slr amongst so-called type I ghr. An increase in pituitary Sl alpha and Sl beta transcripts before and during spawning, with a decrease post-ovulation, and a constant expression level of ovarian slr were observed. There was also a transient increase in Sl alpha and Sl beta in May prior to transfer from seawater to fresh water and ensuing fasting.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>The up-regulation of Sl alpha and Sl beta during vitellogenesis and spawning, with a subsequent decrease post-ovulation, supports a role for Sl during gonadal growth and spawning. Sl could also be involved in calcium/phosphate mobilization associated with vitellogenesis or have a role in energy homeostasis associated with lipolysis during fasting. The up-regulation of both Sl alpha and Sl beta prior to fasting and freshwater transfer, suggests a role for Sl linked to reproduction that may be independent of the maturation induced fasting.</p

Genotype-specific responses in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) subject to dietary fish oil replacement by vegetable oil: a liver transcriptomic analysis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Expansion of aquaculture is seriously limited by reductions in fish oil (FO) supply for aquafeeds. Terrestrial alternatives such as vegetable oils (VO) have been investigated and recently a strategy combining genetic selection with changes in diet formulations has been proposed to meet growing demands for aquaculture products. This study investigates the influence of genotype on transcriptomic responses to sustainable feeds in Atlantic salmon.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A microarray analysis was performed to investigate the liver transcriptome of two family groups selected according to their estimated breeding values (EBVs) for flesh lipid content, 'Lean' or 'Fat', fed diets containing either FO or a VO blend. Diet principally affected metabolism genes, mainly of lipid and carbohydrate, followed by immune response genes. Genotype had a much lower impact on metabolism-related genes and affected mostly signalling pathways. Replacement of dietary FO by VO caused an up-regulation of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid biosynthesis, but there was a clear genotype effect as fatty acyl elongase (elovl2) was only up-regulated and desaturases (Δ5 fad and Δ6 fad) showed a higher magnitude of response in Lean fish, which was reflected in liver fatty acid composition. Fatty acid synthase (FAS) was also up-regulated by VO and the effect was independent of genotype. Genetic background of the fish clearly affected regulation of lipid metabolism, as PPARα and PPARβ were down-regulated by the VO diet only in Lean fish, while in Fat salmon SREBP-1 expression was up-regulated by VO. In addition, all three genes had a lower expression in the Lean family group than in the Fat, when fed VO. Differences in muscle adiposity between family groups may have been caused by higher levels of hepatic fatty acid and glycerophospholipid synthesis in the Fat fish, as indicated by the expression of FAS, 1-acyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphate acyltransferase and lipid phosphate phosphohydrolase 2.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study has identified metabolic pathways and key regulators that may respond differently to alternative plant-based feeds depending on genotype. Further studies are required but data suggest that it will be possible to identify families better adapted to alternative diet formulations that might be appropriate for future genetic selection programmes.</p