54 research outputs found

    Carbon epoxy composites thermal conductivity at 80 K and 300 K

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    The in-plane and in-depth thermal conductivities of epoxy-carbon fiber composites have been measured at 77 K and 300 K. The experimental technique rests on the hot disk method. The two thermal conductivities as well as the thermal contact resistance between the probe and the composite materials are estimated from measurement data and an analytical heat transfer model within the experimental configuration. The results obtained at 77 K explained well the ignition test results performed on the composites at 77 K with regards to liquid oxygen storage

    Apports de la variabilité de la fréquence cardiaque dans l'évaluation de la charge d'entraßnement et le suivi d'athlÚtes : aspects méthodologiques et applications pratiques

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    During the 1980s, it was demonstrated that studying heart rate variability (HRV) makes it possible to estimate the activity of the autonomic nervous system noninvasively. More specifically, many works showed that regular recording of HRV can be used to monitor an athlete’s capacity to adapt to training and their fatigue. Although several authors have suggested using this tool directly in the field, it appears that the lack of a common and uniform methodology sometimes makes it difficult to interpret results. Therefore the research presented in this manuscript follows a methodological tendency with, nonetheless, a practical objective. The first study focuses on the Low Frequency/High Frequency (LF/HF) ratio commonly used as a fatigue indicator. Our results show that in athletes, this ratio is above all modulated by the subject’s respiratory rate and that, contrary to what is currently accepted, a value higher than four does not necessarily express a state of overtraining. The second study compares the daily evolution of different HRV markers over 21 days monitoring of athletes in two different situations: recording of spontaneous breathing and of controlled respiration. We observed that RMSSD and SD1 markers follow precisely the same trends whatever the breathing method. Conversely, our results show once again that rate indexes are above all modulated by an individual’s breathing frequency. The third study focuses on a new HRV-based method for evaluating training load. Based on three recordings that include both the homeostatic disturbances generated by the session and the speed of parasympathetic reactivation, the method proposed permits objectively quantifying training load under field conditions. The strong interactions existing between HRV and training encourage us to continue our investigative approach and use this tool to individualize and optimize athletes’ training programsAu cours des annĂ©es 1980, il y a Ă©tĂ© prouvĂ© que l’étude de la variabilitĂ© de la frĂ©quence cardiaque (VFC) permet d’estimer de façon non invasive l’activitĂ© du systĂšme nerveux autonome. Plus spĂ©cifiquement, de nombreux travaux dĂ©montrent que des enregistrements rĂ©guliers de la VFC peuvent rendre compte de la capacitĂ© d’adaptation d’un athlĂšte Ă  l’entraĂźnement mais Ă©galement de son Ă©tat de fatigue. Bien que plusieurs auteurs suggĂšrent d’utiliser cet outil directement sur le terrain, il semblerait que l’absence de mĂ©thodologie commune et unifiĂ©e rende parfois difficile l’interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats. Par consĂ©quent, les travaux de recherche prĂ©sentĂ©s au sein de ce manuscrit suivent avant tout une orientation mĂ©thodologique avec, nĂ©anmoins, une finalitĂ© pratique. Une premiĂšre Ă©tude s’intĂ©resse au ratio Basses frĂ©quences/hautes frĂ©quences (LF/HF) qui est communĂ©ment utilisĂ© comme marqueur de la fatigue. Nos rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que chez les athlĂštes, ce ratio est avant tout modulĂ© par la frĂ©quence de respiration du sujet et que, contrairement Ă  ce qui est couramment admis, une valeur supĂ©rieure Ă  quatre ne traduit pas forcĂ©ment un Ă©tat de surentraĂźnement. La seconde Ă©tude compare l’évolution quotidienne des diffĂ©rents marqueurs de VFC pendant 21 jours de suivi d’athlĂštes dans deux situations diffĂ©rentes : un enregistrement rĂ©alisĂ© en respiration libre et un autre en respiration contrĂŽlĂ©e. Nous avons constatĂ© que les marqueurs RMSSD et SD1 suivent exactement les mĂȘmes tendances quel que soit la mĂ©thode de respiration. A l’inverse, nos rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent une nouvelle fois que les indices frĂ©quentiels sont avant tout modulĂ©s par la frĂ©quence de respiration de l’individu. La troisiĂšme Ă©tude s’intĂ©resse Ă  une nouvelle mĂ©thode d’évaluation de la charge d’entraĂźnement Ă  l’aide de la VFC. BasĂ©e sur trois enregistrements qui intĂšgrent Ă  la fois les perturbations homĂ©ostatiques gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par la sĂ©ance et la vitesse de rĂ©activation parasympathique, la formule proposĂ©e permet de quantifier objectivement la charge d’entraĂźnement dans des conditions de terrain. Les fortes interactions qui existent entre la VFC et l’entraĂźnement nous encouragent Ă  poursuivre notre dĂ©marche d’investigation pour utiliser cet outil dans le but d’individualiser et d’optimiser la planification d’entraĂźnement des athlĂšte

    A comparison of two methods of heart rate variability assessment at high altitude.

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    Heart rate variability (HRV) is a useful index of autonomic function and has been linked to the development of high altitude (HA) related illness. However, its assessment at HA has been undermined by the relative expense and limited portability of traditional HRV devices which have mandated at least a minute heart rate recording. In this study, the portable ithlete(ℱ) HRV system, which uses a 55 s recording, was compared with a reference method of HRV which utilizes a 5 min electrocardiograph recording (CheckMyHeart(ℱ) ). The root mean squares of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD) for each device was converted to a validated HRV score (lnRMSSD × 20) for comparison. Twelve healthy volunteers were assessed for HRV using the two devices across seven time points at HA over 10 days. There was no significant change in the HRV values with either the ithlete (P = 0·3) or the CheckMyHeart(ℱ) (P = 0·19) device over the seven altitudes. There was also a strong overall correlation between the ithlete(ℱ) and CheckMyHeart(ℱ) device (r = 0·86; 95% confidence interval: 0·79-0·91). The HRV was consistently, though non-significantly higher with ithlete(ℱ) than with the CheckMyHeart(ℱ) device [mean difference (bias) 1·8 l; 95% CI -12·3 to 8·5]. In summary, the ithlete(ℱ) and CheckMyHeart(ℱ) system provide relatively similar results with good overall agreement at HA

    From psychological moments to mortality: A multidisciplinary synthesis on heart rate variability spanning the continuum of time

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    COVID-19 : les expertises du risque et leurs temporalités au prisme des allocutions de chefs d'Etat européens

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    International audienceLa pandĂ©mie de COVID-19 n'aura Ă©pargnĂ© aucun État au monde. Aucun gouvernement n'aura fait l'Ă©conomie de placer le virus au coeur de son agenda. S'il s'agit bien Ă  l'origine du mĂȘme virus pour tous, chaque État a pourtant rĂ©agi avec un discours institutionnel bien Ă  lui. Comment les chefs de gouvernement ont-ils rendu compte Ă  leurs populations de ce phĂ©nomĂšne nouveau dans leurs allocutions ? Nous verrons que la notion de "crise" est loin d'ĂȘtre employĂ©e partout. De maniĂšre similaire, le rapport avec la "science" et les expertises du risque sont loin d'ĂȘtre employĂ©es de maniĂšre univoque en France, en Allemagne et au Royaume-Uni. Face Ă  l'urgence d'apporter du sens Ă  l'Ă©vĂ©nement, comment la chanceliĂšre Allemande, le premier ministre Anglais et le prĂ©sident Français se sont-ils efforcĂ©s de gagner en perspective

    Contributions of heart rate variability in the quantification of training load and athletes monitoring : methodological aspects and practical applications

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    Au cours des annĂ©es 1980, il y a Ă©tĂ© prouvĂ© que l’étude de la variabilitĂ© de la frĂ©quence cardiaque (VFC) permet d’estimer de façon non invasive l’activitĂ© du systĂšme nerveux autonome. Plus spĂ©cifiquement, de nombreux travaux dĂ©montrent que des enregistrements rĂ©guliers de la VFC peuvent rendre compte de la capacitĂ© d’adaptation d’un athlĂšte Ă  l’entraĂźnement mais Ă©galement de son Ă©tat de fatigue. Bien que plusieurs auteurs suggĂšrent d’utiliser cet outil directement sur le terrain, il semblerait que l’absence de mĂ©thodologie commune et unifiĂ©e rende parfois difficile l’interprĂ©tation des rĂ©sultats. Par consĂ©quent, les travaux de recherche prĂ©sentĂ©s au sein de ce manuscrit suivent avant tout une orientation mĂ©thodologique avec, nĂ©anmoins, une finalitĂ© pratique. Une premiĂšre Ă©tude s’intĂ©resse au ratio Basses frĂ©quences/hautes frĂ©quences (LF/HF) qui est communĂ©ment utilisĂ© comme marqueur de la fatigue. Nos rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent que chez les athlĂštes, ce ratio est avant tout modulĂ© par la frĂ©quence de respiration du sujet et que, contrairement Ă  ce qui est couramment admis, une valeur supĂ©rieure Ă  quatre ne traduit pas forcĂ©ment un Ă©tat de surentraĂźnement. La seconde Ă©tude compare l’évolution quotidienne des diffĂ©rents marqueurs de VFC pendant 21 jours de suivi d’athlĂštes dans deux situations diffĂ©rentes : un enregistrement rĂ©alisĂ© en respiration libre et un autre en respiration contrĂŽlĂ©e. Nous avons constatĂ© que les marqueurs RMSSD et SD1 suivent exactement les mĂȘmes tendances quel que soit la mĂ©thode de respiration. A l’inverse, nos rĂ©sultats dĂ©montrent une nouvelle fois que les indices frĂ©quentiels sont avant tout modulĂ©s par la frĂ©quence de respiration de l’individu. La troisiĂšme Ă©tude s’intĂ©resse Ă  une nouvelle mĂ©thode d’évaluation de la charge d’entraĂźnement Ă  l’aide de la VFC. BasĂ©e sur trois enregistrements qui intĂšgrent Ă  la fois les perturbations homĂ©ostatiques gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es par la sĂ©ance et la vitesse de rĂ©activation parasympathique, la formule proposĂ©e permet de quantifier objectivement la charge d’entraĂźnement dans des conditions de terrain. Les fortes interactions qui existent entre la VFC et l’entraĂźnement nous encouragent Ă  poursuivre notre dĂ©marche d’investigation pour utiliser cet outil dans le but d’individualiser et d’optimiser la planification d’entraĂźnement des athlĂštesDuring the 1980s, it was demonstrated that studying heart rate variability (HRV) makes it possible to estimate the activity of the autonomic nervous system noninvasively. More specifically, many works showed that regular recording of HRV can be used to monitor an athlete’s capacity to adapt to training and their fatigue. Although several authors have suggested using this tool directly in the field, it appears that the lack of a common and uniform methodology sometimes makes it difficult to interpret results. Therefore the research presented in this manuscript follows a methodological tendency with, nonetheless, a practical objective. The first study focuses on the Low Frequency/High Frequency (LF/HF) ratio commonly used as a fatigue indicator. Our results show that in athletes, this ratio is above all modulated by the subject’s respiratory rate and that, contrary to what is currently accepted, a value higher than four does not necessarily express a state of overtraining. The second study compares the daily evolution of different HRV markers over 21 days monitoring of athletes in two different situations: recording of spontaneous breathing and of controlled respiration. We observed that RMSSD and SD1 markers follow precisely the same trends whatever the breathing method. Conversely, our results show once again that rate indexes are above all modulated by an individual’s breathing frequency. The third study focuses on a new HRV-based method for evaluating training load. Based on three recordings that include both the homeostatic disturbances generated by the session and the speed of parasympathetic reactivation, the method proposed permits objectively quantifying training load under field conditions. The strong interactions existing between HRV and training encourage us to continue our investigative approach and use this tool to individualize and optimize athletes’ training program

    A New Algorithm to Reduce and Individualize HRV Recording Time

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    International audienc

    Prediction of Marathon Performance using Artificial Intelligence

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    International audienceAlthough studies used machine learning algorithms to predict performances in sports activities, none, to the best of our knowledge, have used and validated two artificial intelligence techniques: artificial neural network (ANN) and k-nearest neighbor (KNN) in the running discipline of marathon and compared the accuracy or precision of the predicted performances. Official French rankings for the 10-km road and marathon events in 2019 were scrutinized over a dataset of 820 athletes (aged 21, having run 10 km and a marathon in the same year that was run slower, etc.). For the KNN and ANN the same inputs (10-km race time, body mass index, age and sex) were used to solve a linear regression problem to estimate the marathon race time. No difference was found between the actual and predicted marathon performances for either method (p>0,05). All predicted performances were significantly correlated with the actual ones, with very high correlation coefficients (r>0,90; p<0,001). KNN outperformed ANN with a mean absolute error of 2,4 vs 5,6%. The study confirms the validity of both algorithms, with better accuracy for KNN in predicting marathon performance. Consequently, the predictions from these artificial intelligence methods may be used in training programs and competitions
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