Formas de control social y jurídico del presidencialismo en México

Esta investigación tiene como eje central el fortalecimiento del poder del presidente de la república, tomando como punto de arranque la represión estudiantil de Tlatelolco ocurrida en el año 1968. A partir de este acontecimiento histórico, determinamos que la figura presidencial acumuló una serie de facultades legales y extralegales que le permitieron acaparar el escenario nacional y demostrar su dominio no solo sobre el Poder Legislativo y el Poder Judicial en específico, sino de los mexicanos en general. Estos presidentes se allegaron del poder por su liderazgo y discurso político, así como el control y absoluto respaldo de su partido político, por la capacidad de mover a los votantes y por su carisma; por ello es necesario realizar hacer un análisis de las decisiones que desarrollaron, fortalecieron y perfeccionaron al sistema presidencial en cada sexenio para comprender que hasta nuestros días esta fórmula sigue vigente. Finalmente, concibiendo la centralización progresiva del poder alrededor de la figura presidencial, se propone una serie de medidas que permitan la consolidación de la participación ciudadana democrática y con ello de normas jurídicas que delimiten el ejercicio del sistema presidencial para restringir el dominio concentrado del presidente de la república.Esta investigación tiene como eje central el fortalecimiento del poder del presidente de la república, tomando como punto de arranque la represión estudiantil de Tlatelolco ocurrida en el año 1968. A partir de este acontecimiento histórico, determinamos que la figura presidencial acumuló una serie de facultades legales y extralegales que le permitieron acaparar el escenario nacional y demostrar su dominio no solo sobre el Poder Legislativo y el Poder Judicial en específico, sino de los mexicanos en general. Estos presidentes se allegaron del poder por su liderazgo y discurso político, así como el control y absoluto respaldo de su partido político, por la capacidad de mover a los votantes y por su carisma; por ello es necesario realizar hacer un análisis de las decisiones que desarrollaron, fortalecieron y perfeccionaron al sistema presidencial en cada sexenio para comprender que hasta nuestros días esta fórmula sigue vigente. Finalmente, concibiendo la centralización progresiva del poder alrededor de la figura presidencial, se propone una serie de medidas que permitan la consolidación de la participación ciudadana democrática y con ello de normas jurídicas que delimiten el ejercicio del sistema presidencial para restringir el dominio concentrado del presidente de la república

Asignación del tiempo de niños y niñas en Colombia : factores para el desarrollo de la primera infancia

Este trabajo explica cómo influyen variables socioeconómicas, del cuidado y de uso del tiempo de un hogar, en el desarrollo de capital humano de los niños menores de cinco años, para esto, se utiliza la encuesta nacional de uso del tiempo (ENUT) y un modelo econométrico aplicando regresión ordenada. Se encuentra que pertenecer a un grupo étnico disminuye el capital humano de los niños en 0,15 desviaciones estándar con respecto a no pertenecer a un grupo étnico, de igual manera, cada aumento de una desviación estándar en los anos de educación del hogar, aumenta el capital humano de los niños menores de 5 años en 0,14 desviaciones estándar, por otra parte, aquellos niños que asisten a guarderías privadas, tienen más probabilidades de tener mayor capital humano, finalmente, a modo de contraste, cuidar al niño en guardería privada genera mayor capital humano que cuidarlo en una oficial.This paper explores the effects of socioeconomic, care and time allocation variables on the development of human capital of children under five, for doing this an ordered econometric model was developed using the national time survey (ENUT) the effect to belong to an ethnic group diminishes human capital of children by 0.15 standard deviations with regard to not belong to an ethnic group, likewise, an increase in one standard deviation in years of education of the household increases the human capital of children less than 5 years by 0.14 standard deviations. Moreover, children who attend private kindergartens are more likely to have higher human capital. Finally, by way of contrast, care for the child in a private nursery school produces more human capital than in an official one.Magíster en EconomíaMaestrí

Aprendizaje-servicio y la cultura maker. Desarrollo de material educativo para niños con parálisis cerebral y discapacidades cognitivas

Service-learning projects are pedagogical opportunities to immerse students into collaborative methodologies, community participation, and experiential learning by implementing and evaluating design projects that educate them on Maker culture. This article presents a learning experience with Engineering students from a private university in southwestern Colombia, who developed didactic materials for an educational institution committed to children with cerebral palsy and cognitive disabilities. The project started by narrowing down the problem with the school community and developing prototypes at Cali Fablab, which were later validated with teachers of the beneficiary institution. The work team consisted of Engineering (2), Design (1), and Education (1) professors, the teachers of the beneficiary institution, and twenty engineering students. Five didactic devices, which were affordable and adaptable to the conditions of the project problem, were delivered to the beneficiary institution.Articular metodologías colaborativas, con participación comunitaria y enfoque experiencial, es una oportunidad para que los estudiantes se involucren en el diseño, realización y evaluación de proyectos de aprendizaje-servicio, aplicando conocimiento sobre la cultura y participando de esa manera en el llamado movimiento o cultura maker. Este artículo presenta una experiencia con estudiantes de ingeniería de una universidad del suroccidente colombiano que desarrollaron material didáctico para una institución educativa que trabaja con niños con parálisis cerebral y discapacidades cognitivas. El proyecto implicó la definición del problema con la comunidad de la escuela, el desarrollo de prototipos en el FabLab Cali —un laboratorio de fabricación digital— y su validación con el colectivo de maestros de la institución beneficiaria. El equipo de trabajo estuvo conformado por dos profesores de ingeniería, uno de diseño y otro de educación, el grupo de maestros de la institución beneficiaria y los estudiantes de ingeniería (veinte en total). Se entregaron a la institución beneficiaria cinco dispositivos didácticos asequibles y adaptables a las condiciones que plantearon el problema

Low-Cost Three-Quadrant Single Solar Cell I-V Tracer

An I-V curve measurement technique is one of the most important techniques available for characterising photovoltaic cells. Measuring an accurate I-V curve at the single-cell level is a challenging task because of the low voltages and high currents implied, requiring the management of very low impedances. In this paper, the authors propose a low-cost device for I-V curve measurements of single (or small amounts) of cells in a series based on the charge transfer between two capacitors of equal capacitance. Our measurement strategy allows us to trace the usual first quadrant curve (the normal working region of solar cells) as well as the second and fourth quadrants of the I-V curve, which are quite important for research purposes. A prototype was built to demonstrate the feasibility and successful measurements of the three-quadrant I-V curve, obtained for more than 20 different cells. To use the device in a laboratory, without depending on the solar irradiation, a modular platform was 3D-printed, integrating a board with infrared LEDs as irradiating devices, and housing (to place the solar cell under test). The result is a useful low-cost setup for three-quadrant I-V curve tracing that works as expected.Proyecto de Investigación PID2020-113533RB-C33 (MCIN

A Resonant Ring Topology Approach to Power Line Communication Systems within Photovoltaic Plants

Within this study, single-cable propagation facilitated by PV strings’ wiring characteristics is considered for an adapted design of PLC electronics. We propose to close the communications signal path, resulting in a ring topology where a resonance condition could be implemented. A PLC topology using the resulting circular closed-loop path of a PV series string as its physical communication support is designed and leveraged for practical use. When the path length or the number of transceivers is changed, the resonance properties that come with the circular path as the physical support are affected but are shown to be preserved with the application of automatic adjustable tuning. This automatic tuning guarantees that the resonance improves propagation parameters and reverts the system to its optimal values at the chosen carrier frequency.This study was supported by the Universidad of Valladolid with the predoctoral contracts of 2020 cofunded by Santander Bank. This study was supported by the Universidad of Valladolid with ERASMUS+ KA-107. Partial funding for open access charge: Universidad de Málag

From Spain to Colombia: adaptation process of competences for adolescents with a healthy sexuality program (COMPAS)

In Latin America, unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in youth are two main public health problems. Colombia accounts for one of the highest prevalence rate of HIV and STIs in this population; however, a national standardized sex education program for adolescents is still not available. Competences for adolescents with a Healthy Sexuality (COMPAS for its acronym in Spanish) - a school-based sexual health promotion intervention for Spanish adolescents - was adapted for Colombian youth. We hypothesized that COMPAS key elements would be translated and its effectiveness would be retained. This research describes the adaptation process that resulted in an adapted version for youth in Colombi

Adaptation of an effective school-based sexual health promotion program for youth in Colombia

Rationale: Given the disproportionate impact of HIV and STIs among youth in Latin America, there is a compelling need for effective sex education programs. In particular, Colombia lacks a nationally standardized youth sex education program, despite the fact that 15 to 24-year-olds accounted for the highest incidence and prevalence rates of HIV and STIs in the nation. In an attempt to fill this void, our team adapted COMPAS, a Spanish school-based sexual health promotion intervention, for Colombian adolescents. Objective: This study describes the adaptation process that resulted in a modified version of COMPAS for youth in Colombia. Method: We employed a systematic cultural adaptation process utilizing a mixed methods approach, including intervention adaptation sessions with 100 young adolescents aged 15–19. The process included six steps: 1) consulting international researchers and community stakeholders; 2) capturing the lived experiences of a diverse sample of colombian youth; 3) identifying priorities and areas in need of improvement; 4) integrating the social cognitive theory, information-motivation-behavioral skills model, and an ecological framework for colombian youth; 5) adapting intervention content, activities, and materials; and 6) quantitative evaluation of COMPAS by Colombian youth. Results: The adapted intervention incorporates elements common to effective youth sex education interventions, including: a solid theoretical foundation, sexual communication skills and social support for protection, and guidance on how to utilize available cultural- and linguistic-appropriate services. In addition, the adapted intervention incorporates cultural and linguistic appropriate content, including an emphasis on tackling machismo to promote risk reduction behaviors. Conclusions: The systematic adaptation approach to sexual health intervention for youth can be employed by researchers and community stakeholders in low-resource settings for the promotion of health wellness, linkage to care, and STI and unplanned pregnancy prevention for youth

Prácticas y aplicaciones de ingeniería de requisitos en proyectos de explotación de información

La Explotación de Información es la subdisciplina de la Informática que aporta las herramientas de análisis y síntesis para extraer conocimiento no trivial que se encuentra implícitamente en los datos disponibles en distintas fuentes de información. Aunque la Ingeniería en Software provee muchos métodos, técnicas y herramientas para la construcción de software tradicional, estos en general no son aplicables a proyectos de Explotación de Información por poseer características diferentes. En especial se ha detectado la falta de metodologías que permitan cubrir adecuadamente la gestión de los requisitos de un Proyecto de Explotación de Información, permitiendo tanto la identificación y formalización de las necesidades del cliente como sus expectativas, restricciones y los principales conceptos que son necesarios para realizar el proyecto. En este contexto, este proyecto se enfocará en sistematizar el cuerpo de conocimiento existente en la Ingeniería en Software y la Ingeniería del Conocimiento para sentar las bases para el desarrollo de una Ingeniería de Requisitos con particular énfasis en Proyectos de Explotación de Información. De esta manera se espera también producir un enriquecimiento en los campos. En relación a la transferencia específica se puede indicar la generación de un Modelo de Proceso para la gestión de Requisitos.Eje: Bases de Datos y Minería de Datos.Red de Universidades con Carreras en Informática (RedUNCI

State of the climate in 2018

In 2018, the dominant greenhouse gases released into Earth’s atmosphere—carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide—continued their increase. The annual global average carbon dioxide concentration at Earth’s surface was 407.4 ± 0.1 ppm, the highest in the modern instrumental record and in ice core records dating back 800 000 years. Combined, greenhouse gases and several halogenated gases contribute just over 3 W m−2 to radiative forcing and represent a nearly 43% increase since 1990. Carbon dioxide is responsible for about 65% of this radiative forcing. With a weak La Niña in early 2018 transitioning to a weak El Niño by the year’s end, the global surface (land and ocean) temperature was the fourth highest on record, with only 2015 through 2017 being warmer. Several European countries reported record high annual temperatures. There were also more high, and fewer low, temperature extremes than in nearly all of the 68-year extremes record. Madagascar recorded a record daily temperature of 40.5°C in Morondava in March, while South Korea set its record high of 41.0°C in August in Hongcheon. Nawabshah, Pakistan, recorded its highest temperature of 50.2°C, which may be a new daily world record for April. Globally, the annual lower troposphere temperature was third to seventh highest, depending on the dataset analyzed. The lower stratospheric temperature was approximately fifth lowest. The 2018 Arctic land surface temperature was 1.2°C above the 1981–2010 average, tying for third highest in the 118-year record, following 2016 and 2017. June’s Arctic snow cover extent was almost half of what it was 35 years ago. Across Greenland, however, regional summer temperatures were generally below or near average. Additionally, a satellite survey of 47 glaciers in Greenland indicated a net increase in area for the first time since records began in 1999. Increasing permafrost temperatures were reported at most observation sites in the Arctic, with the overall increase of 0.1°–0.2°C between 2017 and 2018 being comparable to the highest rate of warming ever observed in the region. On 17 March, Arctic sea ice extent marked the second smallest annual maximum in the 38-year record, larger than only 2017. The minimum extent in 2018 was reached on 19 September and again on 23 September, tying 2008 and 2010 for the sixth lowest extent on record. The 23 September date tied 1997 as the latest sea ice minimum date on record. First-year ice now dominates the ice cover, comprising 77% of the March 2018 ice pack compared to 55% during the 1980s. Because thinner, younger ice is more vulnerable to melting out in summer, this shift in sea ice age has contributed to the decreasing trend in minimum ice extent. Regionally, Bering Sea ice extent was at record lows for almost the entire 2017/18 ice season. For the Antarctic continent as a whole, 2018 was warmer than average. On the highest points of the Antarctic Plateau, the automatic weather station Relay (74°S) broke or tied six monthly temperature records throughout the year, with August breaking its record by nearly 8°C. However, cool conditions in the western Bellingshausen Sea and Amundsen Sea sector contributed to a low melt season overall for 2017/18. High SSTs contributed to low summer sea ice extent in the Ross and Weddell Seas in 2018, underpinning the second lowest Antarctic summer minimum sea ice extent on record. Despite conducive conditions for its formation, the ozone hole at its maximum extent in September was near the 2000–18 mean, likely due to an ongoing slow decline in stratospheric chlorine monoxide concentration. Across the oceans, globally averaged SST decreased slightly since the record El Niño year of 2016 but was still far above the climatological mean. On average, SST is increasing at a rate of 0.10° ± 0.01°C decade−1 since 1950. The warming appeared largest in the tropical Indian Ocean and smallest in the North Pacific. The deeper ocean continues to warm year after year. For the seventh consecutive year, global annual mean sea level became the highest in the 26-year record, rising to 81 mm above the 1993 average. As anticipated in a warming climate, the hydrological cycle over the ocean is accelerating: dry regions are becoming drier and wet regions rainier. Closer to the equator, 95 named tropical storms were observed during 2018, well above the 1981–2010 average of 82. Eleven tropical cyclones reached Saffir–Simpson scale Category 5 intensity. North Atlantic Major Hurricane Michael’s landfall intensity of 140 kt was the fourth strongest for any continental U.S. hurricane landfall in the 168-year record. Michael caused more than 30 fatalities and $25 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages. In the western North Pacific, Super Typhoon Mangkhut led to 160 fatalities and$6 billion (U.S. dollars) in damages across the Philippines, Hong Kong, Macau, mainland China, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands. Tropical Storm Son-Tinh was responsible for 170 fatalities in Vietnam and Laos. Nearly all the islands of Micronesia experienced at least moderate impacts from various tropical cyclones. Across land, many areas around the globe received copious precipitation, notable at different time scales. Rodrigues and Réunion Island near southern Africa each reported their third wettest year on record. In Hawaii, 1262 mm precipitation at Waipā Gardens (Kauai) on 14–15 April set a new U.S. record for 24-h precipitation. In Brazil, the city of Belo Horizonte received nearly 75 mm of rain in just 20 minutes, nearly half its monthly average. Globally, fire activity during 2018 was the lowest since the start of the record in 1997, with a combined burned area of about 500 million hectares. This reinforced the long-term downward trend in fire emissions driven by changes in land use in frequently burning savannas. However, wildfires burned 3.5 million hectares across the United States, well above the 2000–10 average of 2.7 million hectares. Combined, U.S. wildfire damages for the 2017 and 2018 wildfire seasons exceeded $40 billion (U.S. dollars)