Alkaline Protease Bioprocess Optimization through Response Surface Methodology for Alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis SHmIIIa Mutant Strain from Warangal-Telangana

The present investigations were carried out to enhance the alkaline protease production by a mutant strain Bacillus subtilis SH2 isolated from slaughter house soils of Warangal and improved through two-tier mutagenesis first by UV and then HNO2. Initially three efficient mutants with over production of alkaline protease were identified and among them only one stable mutant SHmIIIa was selected for further improvement through popular Response Surface Methodology of the FFCCD. Only X2 agitation, X6 KH2PO4 and interactive effects of X3*X3 inoculum, X4*X5 glucose and peptone have shown a significant improvement. The maximum alkaline protease production was achieved with the medium containing of X1 pH 9.8; X2 agitation 237.5 rpm; X3, inoculum size 4%; X4, glucose 6 g/L; X5, peptone 4g/L and X6, KH2PO4 2 g/L; under batch fermentative conditions with 33.33 fold increase

Screening and Optimization of Physical Parameters for Enhanced Alkaline Protease Production by Alkaliphilic Bacillus Subtilis SH2 Isolate

The present investigations dealt with the optimization of the physical parameters for production of alkaline protease by alkaliphilic Bacillus subtilis SH-2 isolated from slaughter house soil of Warangal, Telangana State, India. Primary screening of four different samples revealed one potent isolate. Morphological and Biochemical characterization followed by Molecular signature of 16s rRNA homology confirmed that the isolate SH-2 belongs to Bacillus subtilis. Bacillus subtilis SH-2 was screened on four different reported mediums (M1213, M660, Horikoshi and Halophilic Bacillus medium) under shake culture conditions. Maximum alkaline protease production (500 EU/ml) obtained on M1213 and Horikoshi mediums. Further optimization of physical parameters by OVAT method revealed that mean generation time (41.18 min), 4% level inoculum, incubation time 72 hrs, pH 10, temperature 350C and agitation 150 rpm are ideal for enzyme production. OVAT method resulted in 2.2 fold increased production of alkaline protease production (1100 EU/ml)

EN-BIRTH Data Collector Training - Handbook and Manual

The EN-BIRTH study aims to validate selected newborn and maternal indicators for routine facility-based tracking of coverage and quality of care for use at district, national and global levels. The item contains the EN-BIRTH_Trainer's Manual (14 June 2017) and EN-BIRTH_Training Handbook (23 May 2017)

EN-BIRTH Data Collector Training - Supporting Annexes

The EN-BIRTH study aims to validate selected newborn and maternal indicators for routine facility-based tracking of coverage and quality of care for use at district, national and global levels. The item contains consent forms and participant information, in addition to standard operating procedures (SOP) for adverse clinical events, and managing distress in interviews. The full complement of annex files used during the training can be requested via this site if required

EN-BIRTH Data Collector Training – Training Module material

The EN-BIRTH study aims to validate selected newborn and maternal indicators for routine facility-based tracking of coverage and quality of care for use at district, national and global levels. The item contains PowerPoint slides used for the nine modules of the Data Collector's Training Programme delivered during May and June 2017. Module 1 (introduction) provides an overview of the training syllabus; Module 2 (Registration) helps tracking officers to understand their roles and responsibilities in the project and how to best execute them; Module 3 (Observation: Labour & Delivery) is intended to help Labour & Delivery observers to conduct themselves, and their work, in accordance with project guidelines and training handbook; Module 4 (Observation: Resuscitation - Nepal) covers the function of CCTV cameras and the value of collecting extra observation data from filmed clinical events; Module 5 (Observation: KMC) outlines expectations and practices to be applied by KMC (kangaroo mother care) observers; Module 6 (Data Extraction & Verification) outlines how data collectors should extract and verify register data and record information in the app extraction form in the L&D ward and KMC ward; Module 7 (Maternal Pre-discharge Recall Survey) outlines how to conduct high-quality interviews and administer the maternal pre-discharge recall survey; Module 8 (Supervision) equips supervisors with the skills to be good team managers, ensure team effectiveness and happiness, respond to incidents in the health facility, and monitor data quality; and finally Module 9 (Training Summary) provides a recap of key information taught over the week

EN-BIRTH Data Collection Tools

The EN-BIRTH study aims to validate selected newborn and maternal indicators for routine facility-based tracking of coverage and quality of care for use at district, national and global levels. The item contains the following data collection tools: Register data extraction, Observation checklist (labour and delivery ward), Observation checklist (kangaroo mother care), Patient record verification tools for antenatal corticosteroid administration, Patient record verification tools for antibiotic administration, and the Maternal recall survey

Global, regional, and national burden of colorectal cancer and its risk factors, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Funding: F Carvalho and E Fernandes acknowledge support from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, I.P. (FCT), in the scope of the project UIDP/04378/2020 and UIDB/04378/2020 of the Research Unit on Applied Molecular Biosciences UCIBIO and the project LA/P/0140/2020 of the Associate Laboratory Institute for Health and Bioeconomy i4HB; FCT/MCTES through the project UIDB/50006/2020. J Conde acknowledges the European Research Council Starting Grant (ERC-StG-2019-848325). V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transitória DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006.proofepub_ahead_of_prin

Adolescent transport and unintentional injuries: a systematic analysis using the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Background: Globally, transport and unintentional injuries persist as leading preventable causes of mortality and morbidity for adolescents. We sought to report comprehensive trends in injury-related mortality and morbidity for adolescents aged 10–24 years during the past three decades. Methods: Using the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors 2019 Study, we analysed mortality and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) attributed to transport and unintentional injuries for adolescents in 204 countries. Burden is reported in absolute numbers and age-standardised rates per 100 000 population by sex, age group (10–14, 15–19, and 20–24 years), and sociodemographic index (SDI) with 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs). We report percentage changes in deaths and DALYs between 1990 and 2019. Findings: In 2019, 369 061 deaths (of which 214 337 [58%] were transport related) and 31·1 million DALYs (of which 16·2 million [52%] were transport related) among adolescents aged 10–24 years were caused by transport and unintentional injuries combined. If compared with other causes, transport and unintentional injuries combined accounted for 25% of deaths and 14% of DALYs in 2019, and showed little improvement from 1990 when such injuries accounted for 26% of adolescent deaths and 17% of adolescent DALYs. Throughout adolescence, transport and unintentional injury fatality rates increased by age group. The unintentional injury burden was higher among males than females for all injury types, except for injuries related to fire, heat, and hot substances, or to adverse effects of medical treatment. From 1990 to 2019, global mortality rates declined by 34·4% (from 17·5 to 11·5 per 100 000) for transport injuries, and by 47·7% (from 15·9 to 8·3 per 100 000) for unintentional injuries. However, in low-SDI nations the absolute number of deaths increased (by 80·5% to 42 774 for transport injuries and by 39·4% to 31 961 for unintentional injuries). In the high-SDI quintile in 2010–19, the rate per 100 000 of transport injury DALYs was reduced by 16·7%, from 838 in 2010 to 699 in 2019. This was a substantially slower pace of reduction compared with the 48·5% reduction between 1990 and 2010, from 1626 per 100 000 in 1990 to 838 per 100 000 in 2010. Between 2010 and 2019, the rate of unintentional injury DALYs per 100 000 also remained largely unchanged in high-SDI countries (555 in 2010 vs 554 in 2019; 0·2% reduction). The number and rate of adolescent deaths and DALYs owing to environmental heat and cold exposure increased for the high-SDI quintile during 2010–19. Interpretation: As other causes of mortality are addressed, inadequate progress in reducing transport and unintentional injury mortality as a proportion of adolescent deaths becomes apparent. The relative shift in the burden of injury from high-SDI countries to low and low–middle-SDI countries necessitates focused action, including global donor, government, and industry investment in injury prevention. The persisting burden of DALYs related to transport and unintentional injuries indicates a need to prioritise innovative measures for the primary prevention of adolescent injury. Funding: Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Measuring routine childhood vaccination coverage in 204 countries and territories, 1980-2019 : a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020, Release 1

Background Measuring routine childhood vaccination is crucial to inform global vaccine policies and programme implementation, and to track progress towards targets set by the Global Vaccine Action Plan (GVAP) and Immunization Agenda 2030. Robust estimates of routine vaccine coverage are needed to identify past successes and persistent vulnerabilities. Drawing from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2020, Release 1, we did a systematic analysis of global, regional, and national vaccine coverage trends using a statistical framework, by vaccine and over time. Methods For this analysis we collated 55 326 country-specific, cohort-specific, year-specific, vaccine-specific, and dosespecific observations of routine childhood vaccination coverage between 1980 and 2019. Using spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression, we produced location-specific and year-specific estimates of 11 routine childhood vaccine coverage indicators for 204 countries and territories from 1980 to 2019, adjusting for biases in countryreported data and reflecting reported stockouts and supply disruptions. We analysed global and regional trends in coverage and numbers of zero-dose children (defined as those who never received a diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis [DTP] vaccine dose), progress towards GVAP targets, and the relationship between vaccine coverage and sociodemographic development. Findings By 2019, global coverage of third-dose DTP (DTP3; 81.6% [95% uncertainty interval 80.4-82 .7]) more than doubled from levels estimated in 1980 (39.9% [37.5-42.1]), as did global coverage of the first-dose measles-containing vaccine (MCV1; from 38.5% [35.4-41.3] in 1980 to 83.6% [82.3-84.8] in 2019). Third- dose polio vaccine (Pol3) coverage also increased, from 42.6% (41.4-44.1) in 1980 to 79.8% (78.4-81.1) in 2019, and global coverage of newer vaccines increased rapidly between 2000 and 2019. The global number of zero-dose children fell by nearly 75% between 1980 and 2019, from 56.8 million (52.6-60. 9) to 14.5 million (13.4-15.9). However, over the past decade, global vaccine coverage broadly plateaued; 94 countries and territories recorded decreasing DTP3 coverage since 2010. Only 11 countries and territories were estimated to have reached the national GVAP target of at least 90% coverage for all assessed vaccines in 2019. Interpretation After achieving large gains in childhood vaccine coverage worldwide, in much of the world this progress was stalled or reversed from 2010 to 2019. These findings underscore the importance of revisiting routine immunisation strategies and programmatic approaches, recentring service delivery around equity and underserved populations. Strengthening vaccine data and monitoring systems is crucial to these pursuits, now and through to 2030, to ensure that all children have access to, and can benefit from, lifesaving vaccines. Copyright (C) 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.Peer reviewe