Augmenting Marine Food Production Through Fisheries Management and Mariculture

There is new aspiration of sustainable exploitation of marine resources and to achieve sustainable development goals (SDG 14) in recent years. In this context, this document delineates new scope of venturing into the blue economy relative to marine fisheries and mariculture. Potential interventions in marine fisheries include – (i) expansion of the commercial fishing area (beyond the 80 m depth) for harvesting high value fish species (such as tuna, lakkha), (ii) exploration for new fishing grounds and fisheries, (iii) value addition and reducing post-harvest losses, and (iv) assessment of fisheries stocks for estimation of potential yields and optimum sizes of harvest. Food production through mariculture mostly relies on – (i) domestication of new species (such as finfish: seabass, mullet, hilsa, grouper; crustaceans: mud crab; plants: seaweeds) for product diversification and risk reduction towards economic stability, (ii) production intensification (such as semi-intensive farming) and adoption of innovative fish/shellfish farming (such as marine cage culture, aquasilviculture, integrated multi-trophic aquaculture) to create new business opportunities, and (iii) live feeds (such as rotifers, artemia biomass) production for hatchery for sustaining the mariculture industry. Nevertheless, investments, knowledge, innovations, new technologies, new breeds and newly domesticated mariculture species can promise a blue revolution in Bangladesh

Subcellular components of probiotics Kocuria SM1 and Rhodococcus SM2 induce protective immunity in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) against Vibrio anguillarum

The efficacy of cellular components of probiotics Kocuria SM1 and Rhodococcus SM2 to protect rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) against vibriosis was assessed. Groups of fish (average weight = 10–15 g) were immunized intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.1 ml of subcellular materials, i.e. 0.2 ± 0.05 mg protein per fish, comprising extracellular proteins (ECPs), cell wall proteins (CWPs) and whole cell proteins (WCPs) of SM1 and SM2, respectively, or with 0.1 ml of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) to serve as the control. Seven days after administration, fish from each group were challenged i.p. with 0.1 ml of a suspension in PBS of 3 × 105 cells ml−1 per fish of Vibrio anguillarum. Use of CWPs and WCPs demonstrated significantly (P 0.05), compared to 86% mortalities of the controls. The mode of action reflected activation of innate immune factors by CWPs and WCPs, demonstrating significantly (P 0.05) and immunoglubolin level (from 27 mg ml−1 to 28.5–33 mg ml−1; P > 0.05) were observed with the experimental groups. These results indicate that cell components of the probiotics stimulate an immune response

Prospects of Hyperloop Transportation Technology: A Case of China

Hyperloop transportation technology is amongst the most promising sustainable and climate-friendly transportation systems of the modern era. Now China has taken steps to build this transportation system in Tongren city, which located on Guizhou's eastern part [8]. So far, not much work has been conducted on the prospects of this technology, especially for China. In this paper based on extensive literature review, we have analyzed the prospects of this technology in China. Furthermore, this article also discusses the possible hurdles and proposes some suggestions for overcoming the problems in the adoption of this climate-friendly technology

Distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the coastal area of Salimpur, Chittagong, Bangladesh.

This preliminary study was conducted to investigate the distribution pattern of the aquatic macrophytes in the inter-tidal coastal belt of Salimpur, Chittagong. During this study, 3 species of mangrove, i.e., Sonaratia apetala, Avicennia marina and Acanthus ilicifolius, 1 species of wild rice related to salt marsh grass, i.e., Porteresia coarctata, 3 species of macro-algae, i.e., Ulva intestinalis, Catenella nipae and Dictyota dichotoma and 1 species of poison lily Crinum defixum were identified from this coast. The dominant macrophyte was planted Sonaratia apetala, followed by Porteresia coarctata in the coast line of Salimpur. Considering from the ecological and economic view, especially Catenella nipae, could be an important living resource for cultivation and sea ranching in this area. Besides, the importance of these aquatic inter-tidal macrophytes for fishery resources and overall ecosystem processes should not be over looked in this coastal area

Arsenic contaminated groundwater and its treatment options in Bangladesh

Arsenic (As) causes health concerns due to its significant toxicity and worldwide presence in drinking water and groundwater. The major sources of As pollution may be natural process such as dissolution of As-containing minerals and anthropogenic activities such as percolation of water from mines, etc. The maximum contaminant level for total As in potable water has been established as 10 µg/L. Among the countries facing As contamination problems, Bangladesh is the most affected. Up to 77 million people in Bangladesh have been exposed to toxic levels of arsenic from drinking water. Therefore, it has become an urgent need to provide As-free drinking water in rural households throughout Bangladesh. This paper provides a comprehensive overview on the recent data on arsenic contamination status, its sources and reasons of mobilization and the exposure pathways in Bangladesh. Very little literature has focused on the removal of As from groundwaters in developing countries and thus this paper aims to review the As removal technologies and be a useful resource for researchers or policy makers to help identify and investigate useful treatment options. While a number of technological developments in arsenic removal have taken place, we must consider variations in sources and quality characteristics of As polluted water and differences in the socio-economic and literacy conditions of people, and then aim at improving effectiveness in arsenic removal, reducing the cost of the system, making the technology user friendly, overcoming maintenance problems and resolving sludge management issues

PCR-TTGE Analysis of 16S rRNA from Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) Gut Microbiota Reveals Host-Specific Communities of Active Bacteria

This study assessed the relative contributions of host genetics and diet in shaping the gut microbiota of rainbow trout. Full sibling fish from four unrelated families, each consisting of individuals derived from the mating of one male and one female belonging to a breeding program, were fed diets containing either vegetable proteins or vegetable oils for two months in comparison to a control diet consisting of only fish protein and fish oil. Two parallel approaches were applied on the same samples: transcriptionally active bacterial populations were examined based on RNA analysis and were compared with bacterial populations obtained from DNA analysis. Comparison of temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TTGE) profiles from DNA and RNA showed important differences, indicating that active bacterial populations were better described by RNA analysis. Results showed that some bacterial groups were significantly (P<0.05) associated with specific families, indicating that microbiota composition may be influenced by the host. In addition, the effect of diet on microbiota composition was dependent on the trout family

Aetiology and incidence of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation in children under 5 years of age in 28 low-income and middle-income countries: findings from the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network.

Introduction: Diarrhoea remains a leading cause of child morbidity and mortality. Systematically collected and analysed data on the aetiology of hospitalised diarrhoea in low-income and middle-income countries are needed to prioritise interventions. Methods: We established the Global Pediatric Diarrhea Surveillance network, in which children under 5 years hospitalised with diarrhoea were enrolled at 33 sentinel surveillance hospitals in 28 low-income and middle-income countries. Randomly selected stool specimens were tested by quantitative PCR for 16 causes of diarrhoea. We estimated pathogen-specific attributable burdens of diarrhoeal hospitalisations and deaths. We incorporated country-level incidence to estimate the number of pathogen-specific deaths on a global scale. Results: During 2017–2018, 29 502 diarrhoea hospitalisations were enrolled, of which 5465 were randomly selected and tested. Rotavirus was the leading cause of diarrhoea requiring hospitalisation (attributable fraction (AF) 33.3%; 95% CI 27.7 to 40.3), followed by Shigella (9.7%; 95% CI 7.7 to 11.6), norovirus (6.5%; 95% CI 5.4 to 7.6) and adenovirus 40/41 (5.5%; 95% CI 4.4 to 6.7). Rotavirus was the leading cause of hospitalised diarrhoea in all regions except the Americas, where the leading aetiologies were Shigella (19.2%; 95% CI 11.4 to 28.1) and norovirus (22.2%; 95% CI 17.5 to 27.9) in Central and South America, respectively. The proportion of hospitalisations attributable to rotavirus was approximately 50% lower in sites that had introduced rotavirus vaccine (AF 20.8%; 95% CI 18.0 to 24.1) compared with sites that had not (42.1%; 95% CI 33.2 to 53.4). Globally, we estimated 208 009 annual rotavirus-attributable deaths (95% CI 169 561 to 259 216), 62 853 Shigella-attributable deaths (95% CI 48 656 to 78 805), 36 922 adenovirus 40/41-attributable deaths (95% CI 28 469 to 46 672) and 35 914 norovirus-attributable deaths (95% CI 27 258 to 46 516). Conclusions: Despite the substantial impact of rotavirus vaccine introduction, rotavirus remained the leading cause of paediatric diarrhoea hospitalisations. Improving the efficacy and coverage of rotavirus vaccination and prioritising interventions against Shigella, norovirus and adenovirus could further reduce diarrhoea morbidity and mortality

Underlying Aspects in Tagore's Translation of Red Oleanders: A Critical Reading

Though Rabindranath Tagore's works have been studied and praised for decades around the world, his struggles to reconcile cultural as well as linguistic differences between English and his native tongue, Bengali through translations of his works have largely been overlooked. This paper though a comparative study between Tagore's drama Raktakarabi and its translated version Red Oleanders, seeks to find out how Tagore deals with various cultural, literary and linguistic issues that have arisen during the translation and whether the differences between two languages with distinct natures and unique histories have forced him to make fundamental changes to the play. The research also aims to critically look at the reasons behind Red Oleanders' apparent failure in the west and takes into account relevant translation theories to discuss how various changes to the play have contributed to creating stark contrasts between the original and the translation

Studies on probiotics for the control of vibriosis in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum)

Kocuria SM1 and Rhodococcus SM2 were administered to juvenile rainbow trout as dietary supplements dosed at ~107–108 cells g−1 of feed for two weeks, and conferred protection against Vibrio infections. Thus, use of SM1 and SM2 led to a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in mortalities, i.e. 12–15% (relative percent survival, RPS = 81– 85%) and 15–20% (RPS = 73–80%) after challenge with V. anguillarum and V. ordalii, respectively, compared to the 80% and 74% mortalities among the respective controls. A two-week feeding regime, compared with 1–4 weeks, for SM1 led to the maximum reduction in mortalities after challenge with V. anguillarum. The use of an equi-mixture of SM1 and SM2 led to significantly enhanced survival against vibriosis, but the result was not better than the use of single cultures. Moreover, use of SM1 for two weeks led to protection for up to 4 weeks. Fish inoculated with cell wall proteins (CWPs) and whole cell proteins (WCPs) of SM1 and SM2 demonstrated better protection against challenge with V. anguillarum, although extracellular proteins (ECPs) fared less well. The mode of action reflected competitive exclusion (= antibiosis), nutrition (= positive effects on growth), and stimulation of cellular and humoral innate immunity, notably greater head kidney macrophage phagocytic, respiratory burst, peroxidase and bacterial killing activities, and elevation of leucocytes, globulin, protein, complement and lysozyme levels. These results demonstrate the efficacy of dietary bacteria as probiotics for the control of vibriosis in rainbow trout.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Influence of probiotic feeding duration on disease resistance and immune parameters in rainbow trout

The effect of feeding the probiotic Kocuria SM1 to rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) on disease resistance was evaluated. Thus, rainbow trout were fed Kocuria SM1 supplemented diets at concentrations of 108 cells g−1 feed for up to four weeks, and then challenged intraperitoneally with Vibrio anguillarum at weekly intervals. A two-week feeding regime led to the maximum reduction in mortalities, i.e. 16%, compared to mortalities of 62, 30 and 22% for one, three and four week feeding regimes, respectively. These compared to 70–90% mortalities of the controls. An enhanced cellular and humoral immune response, notably greater head kidney macrophage phagocytic and peroxidase activities, and higher serum lysozyme and total protein levels were recorded after two weeks of probiotic administration. These results reveal that a two-week feeding regime with Kocuria SM1 leads to higher disease protection in rainbow trout, with protection linked to stimulation of immune parameters