218 research outputs found
Herbage Mass and \u3cem\u3ein Situ\u3c/em\u3e Dry Matter Ruminal Degradation Kinetics of \u3cem\u3eBrachiaria\u3c/em\u3e spp
In Puerto Rico, Brachiaria decumbens cv. Basilisk has been promoted as a potential forage for acid soils and humid areas, but with limited success. Recently, B. brizantha cv. Marandú and a hybrid (B. brizantha x B. Ruziziensis) cv. Mulato were introduced for evaluation on acid soils and as a potential replacement for cv. Basilisk, but little information is available on yield performance under grazing or nutritive value. The objective of this study was to assess herbage mass and nutritive value of grazed pastures consisting of Basilisk, Marandú, and Mulato and determine the rate of in situ dry matter degradation
IGR J17544-2619: A new supergiant fast X-ray transient revealed by optical/infrared observations
One of the most recent discoveries of the INTEGRAL observatory is the
existence of a previously unknown population of X-ray sources in the inner arms
of the Galaxy. IGR J17544-2619, IGR J16465-4507 and XTE J1739-302 are among
these sources. Although the nature of these systems is still unexplained, the
investigations of the optical/NIR counterparts of the two last sources,
combined with high energy data, have provided evidence of them being highly
absorbed high mass X-ray binaries with blue supergiant secondaries and
displaying fast X-ray transient behaviour. In this work we present our
optical/NIR observations of IGR J17544-2619, aimed at identifying and
characterizing its counterpart. We show that the source is a high mass X-ray
binary at a distance of 2-4 kpc with a strongly absorbed O9Ib secondary, and
discuss the nature of the system.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figures. Accepted for publication in A&
The SSS phase of RS Ophiuchi observed with Chandra and XMM-Newton I.: Data and preliminary Modeling
The phase of Super-Soft-Source (SSS) emission of the sixth recorded outburst
of the recurrent nova RS Oph was observed twice with Chandra and once with
XMM-Newton. The observations were taken on days 39.7, 54.0, and 66.9 after
outburst. We confirm a 35-sec period on day 54.0 and found that it originates
from the SSS emission and not from the shock. We discus the bound-free
absorption by neutral elements in the line of sight, resonance absorption lines
plus self-absorbed emission line components, collisionally excited emission
lines from the shock, He-like intersystem lines, and spectral changes during an
episode of high-amplitude variability. We find a decrease of the oxygen K-shell
absorption edge that can be explained by photoionization of oxygen. The
absorption component has average velocities of -1286+-267 km/s on day 39.7 and
of -771+-65 km/s on day 66.9. The wavelengths of the emission line components
are consistent with their rest wavelengths as confirmed by measurements of
non-self absorbed He-like intersystem lines. We have evidence that these lines
originate from the shock rather than the outer layers of the outflow and may be
photoexcited in addition to collisional excitations. We found collisionally
excited emission lines that are fading at wavelengths shorter than 15A that
originate from the radiatively cooling shock. On day 39.5 we find a systematic
blue shift of -526+-114 km/s from these lines. We found anomalous He-like f/i
ratios which indicates either high densities or significant UV radiation near
the plasma where the emission lines are formed. During the phase of strong
variability the spectral hardness light curve overlies the total light curve
when shifted by 1000sec. This can be explained by photoionization of neutral
oxygen in the line of sight if the densities of order 10^{10}-10^{11} cm^{-3}.Comment: 16 pages, 10 figures, 4 tables. Accepted by ApJ; v2: Co-author
Woodward adde
Influence of roughness on conoscopic holography digitizing of DIN34CrMo4 surfaces
AbstractConoscopic Holography is a non-contact digitizing technique used in inspection and reverse engineering tasks. A laser beam is projected onto a surface, and its reflection generates a holographic pattern inside the sensor. This pattern is later analysed and the distance between sensor and surface is calculated. Like other optical techniques, conoscopic holography shall be affected by surface properties and ambient conditions. This works deals with the influence of surface roughness and manufacturing process on the quality of digitizing. 34CrMo4 steel test specimens have been manufactured to obtain four different Ra levels. Two different manufacturing process, electrical discharge machining (EDM) and ball-end milling (BEM) have been also considered. Quality of the digitized point clouds under different sensor configurations has been analysed, in order to provide a recommendation for optimal capture conditions
Lack of detectable genetic isolation in the cyclic rodent Microtus arvalis despite large landscape fragmentation owing to transportation infrastructures
Abstract Although roads are widely seen as dispersal barriers, their genetic consequences for animals that experience large fluctuations in population density are poorly documented. We developed a spatially paired experimental design to assess the genetic impacts of roads on cyclic voles (Microtus arvalis) during a high-density phase in North-Western Spain. We compared genetic patterns from 15 paired plots bisected by three different barrier types, using linear mixed models and computing effect sizes to assess the importance of each type, and the influence of road features like width or the age of the infrastructure. Evidence of effects by roads on genetic diversity and differentiation were lacking. We speculate that the recurrent (each 3–5 generations) episodes of massive dispersal associated with population density peaks can homogenize populations and mitigate the possible genetic impact of landscape fragmentation by roads. This study highlights the importance of developing spatially replicated experimental designs that allow us to consider the large natural spatial variation in genetic parameters. More generally, these results contribute to our understanding of the not well explored effects of habitat fragmentation on dispersal in species showing “boom-bust” dynamics
INTEGRAL observations of five sources in the Galactic Center region
A number of new X-ray sources (IGR J17091-3624, IGR/XTE J17391-3021, IGR
J17464-3213 (= XTE J17464-3213 = H 1743-322), IGR J17597-2201, SAX/IGR
J18027-2017) have been observed with the INTEGRAL observatory during ultra deep
exposure of the Galactic Center region in August-September 2003. Most of them
were permanently visible by the INTEGRAL at energies higher than keV,
but IGR/XTE J17391-3021 was observed only during its flaring activity with a
flux maximum of mCrab. IGR J17091-3624, IGR J17464-3213 and IGR
J17597-2201 were detected up to -150 keV. In this paper we present
the analysis of INTEGRAL observations of these sources to determine the nature
of these objects. We conclude that all of them have a galactic origin. Two
sources are black hole candidates (IGR J17091-3624 and IGR J17464-3213), one is
an LMXB neutron star binary (presumably an X-ray burster) and two other sources
(IGR J17597-2201 and SAX/IGR J18027-2017) are neutron stars in high mass
binaries; one of them (SAX/IGR J18027-2017) is an accreting X-ray pulsar.Comment: 8 pages, 7 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in A&
X-Atlas: An Online Archive of Chandra's Stellar High Energy Transmission Gratings Observations
The high-resolution X-ray spectroscopy made possible by the 1999 deployment
of the Chandra X-ray Observatory has revolutionized our understanding of
stellar X-ray emission. Many puzzles remain, though, particularly regarding the
mechanisms of X-ray emission from OB stars. Although numerous individual stars
have been observed in high-resolution, realizing the full scientific potential
of these observations will necessitate studying the high-resolution Chandra
dataset as a whole. To facilitate the rapid comparison and characterization of
stellar spectra, we have compiled a uniformly processed database of all stars
observed with the Chandra High Energy Transmission Grating (HETG). This
database, known as X-Atlas, is accessible through a web interface with
searching, data retrieval, and interactive plotting capabilities. For each
target, X-Atlas also features predictions of the low-resolution ACIS spectra
convolved from the HETG data for comparison with stellar sources in archival
ACIS images. Preliminary analyses of the hardness ratios, quantiles, and
spectral fits derived from the predicted ACIS spectra reveal systematic
differences between the high-mass and low-mass stars in the atlas and offer
evidence for at least two distinct classes of high-mass stars. A high degree of
X-ray variability is also seen in both high and low-mass stars, including
Capella, long thought to exhibit minimal variability. X-Atlas contains over 130
observations of approximately 25 high-mass stars and 40 low-mass stars and will
be updated as additional stellar HETG observations become public. The atlas has
recently expanded to non-stellar point sources, and Low Energy Transmission
Grating (LETG) observations are currently being added as well
Variability and multi-periodic oscillations in the X-ray light curve of the classical nova V4743 Sgr
The classical nova V4743 Sgr was observed with XMM-Newton for about 10 hours
on April 4 2003, 6.5 months after optical maximum. At this time, this nova had
become the brightest supersoft X-ray source ever observed. We present the
results of a time series analysis performed on the X-ray light curve obtained
in this observation, and in a previous shorter observation done with Chandra 16
days earlier. Intense variability, with amplitude as large as 40% of the total
flux, was observed both times. Similarities can be found between the two
observations in the structure of the variations. Most of the variability is
well represented as a combination of oscillations at a set of discrete
frequencies lower than 1.7 mHz. At least five frequencies are constant over the
16 day time interval between the two observations. We suggest that a periods in
the power spectrum of both light curves at the frequency of 0.75 mHz and its
first harmonic are related to the spin period of the white dwarf in the system,
and that other observed frequencies are signatures of nonradial white dwarf
pulsations. A possible signal with a 24000 sec period is also found in the
XMM-Newton light curve: a cycle and a half are clearly identified. This period
is consistent with the 24278 s periodicity discovered in the optical light
curve of the source and thought to be the orbital period of the nova binary
system.Comment: In press in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Societ
From X-ray dips to eclipse: Witnessing disk reformation in the recurrent nova USco
The 10th recorded outburst of the recurrent eclipsing nova USco was observed
simultaneously in X-ray, UV, and optical by XMM-Newton on days 22.9 and 34.9
after outburst. Two full passages of the companion in front of the nova ejecta
were observed, witnessing the reformation of the accretion disk. On day 22.9,
we observed smooth eclipses in UV and optical but deep dips in the X-ray light
curve which disappeared by day 34.9, then yielding clean eclipses in all bands.
X-ray dips can be caused by clumpy absorbing material that intersects the line
of sight while moving along highly elliptical trajectories. Cold material from
the companion could explain the absence of dips in UV and optical light. The
disappearance of X-ray dips before day 34.9 implies significant progress in the
formation of the disk. The X-ray spectra contain photospheric continuum
emission plus strong emission lines, but no clear absorption lines. Both
continuum and emission lines in the X-ray spectra indicate a temperature
increase from day 22.9 to day 34.9. We find clear evidence in the spectra and
light curves for Thompson scattering of the photospheric emission from the
white dwarf. Photospheric absorption lines can be smeared out during scattering
in a plasma of fast electrons. We also find spectral signatures of resonant
line scattering that lead to the observation of the strong emission lines.
Their dominance could be a general phenomenon in high-inclination systems such
as Cal87.Comment: Submitted to ApJ. 16 pages, 16 figure
Calibration and in orbit performance of the reflection grating spectrometer onboard XMM-Newton
Context: XMM-Newton was launched on 10 December 1999 and has been operational
since early 2000. One of the instruments onboard XMM-Newton is the reflection
grating spectrometer (RGS). Two identical RGS instruments are available, with
each RGS combining a reflection grating assembly (RGA) and a camera with CCDs
to record the spectra. Aims: We describe the calibration and in-orbit
performance of the RGS instrument. By combining the preflight calibration with
appropriate inflight calibration data including the changes in detector
performance over time, we aim at profound knowledge about the accuracy in the
calibration. This will be crucial for any correct scientific interpretation of
spectral features for a wide variety of objects. Methods: Ground calibrations
alone are not able to fully characterize the instrument. Dedicated inflight
measurements and constant monitoring are essential for a full understanding of
the instrument and the variations of the instrument response over time.
Physical models of the instrument are tuned to agree with calibration
measurements and are the basis from which the actual instrument response can be
interpolated over the full parameter space. Results: Uncertainties in the
instrument response have been reduced to < 10% for the effective area and < 6
mA for the wavelength scale (in the range from 8 A to 34 A. The remaining
systematic uncertainty in the detection of weak absorption features has been
estimated to be 1.5%. Conclusions: Based on a large set of inflight calibration
data and comparison with other instruments onboard XMM-Newton, the calibration
accuracy of the RGS instrument has been improved considerably over the
preflight calibrations.Comment: Accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Astronomical
instrumentation sectio
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