Causes of sleep deprivation in competative athletes: A scoping reviewCauses de la privation de sommeil chez les athlètes de competition: étude de la portée

Purpose Inadequate sleep has a negative impact on the psychological and physiological health of elite athletes. Studies have shown a correlation exists between sleep deprivation and a drop in performance. Despite rising interest in sleep science, current research focus is on outcome and the cause of sleep deprivation is a secondary consideration. This scoping review aims to identify themes in peer-reviewed studies that are related to the possible causation of sleep deprivation in competitive athletes. Method A scoping review was conducted using the PRISMA-ScR guideline. Three databases were used to research for the literature PubMed, Medline and EBSCO. Results After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria 16 peer-reviewed studies were identified. The studies were categorised into two sub-categories of short- and long-term causes of sleep deprivation. Five themes were identified: travel, night performance, prior, during and following competition and concussion. Conclusion The findings of this scoping review identified a number a short and long-term causes of sleep deprivation. The causes of the short-term causes can be addressed by implementing some simple interventions such as napping, relaxation techniques and sleep hygiene could aid an athlete performance. However, the long-term causes were linked to concussion, any intervention would need to be studied in greater detail and is beyond the remit of this scoping review.Objectif Un sommeil insuffisant a un impact négatif sur la santé psychologique et physiologique des athlètes d’élite. Des études ont montré qu’il existe une corrélation entre la privation de sommeil et une baisse des performances. Malgré l’intérêt croissant pour la science du sommeil, la recherche actuelle se concentre sur les résultats et la cause de la privation de sommeil est une considération secondaire. La présente étude de portée vise à identifier les thèmes des études évaluées par des pairs qui sont liés à la cause possible de la privation de sommeil chez les athlètes de compétition. Méthode Une étude de portée a été effectuée selon les règles PRISMA-ScR. Trois bases de données ont été utilisées pour la recherche de la littérature : PubMed, Medline et EBSCO. Résultats Après application des critères d’inclusion et d’exclusion, 16 études évaluées par des pairs ont été identifiées. Les études ont été classées en deux sous-catégories de causes à court et à long terme de la privation de sommeil. Cinq thèmes ont été identifiés: déplacement, performance nocturne, avant, pendant et après compétition et commotion cérébrale. Conclusion Les résultats de cette étude de portée ont identifié un certain nombre de causes à court et à long terme de la privation de sommeil. Les causes à court terme peuvent être traitées en mettant en œuvre des interventions simples telles que la sieste, les techniques de relaxation et l’hygiène du sommeil qui pourraient aider les performances d’un athlète. Cependant, les causes à long terme étant liées à une commotion cérébrale, toute intervention nécessiterait d’être étudiée plus en détail et dépasse le cadre de cette étude de portée

Effect of cadence selection on peak power and time of power production in elite BMX riders; a laboratory based study.

The aims of this study were to analyse the optimal cadence for peak power production and time to peak power in bicycle motocross (BMX) riders. Six male elite BMX riders volunteered for the study. Each rider completed 3 maximal sprints at a cadence of 80, 100, 120 and 140revs·min-1 on a laboratory Schoberer Rad Messtechnik (SRM) cycle ergometer in isokinetic mode. The riders’ mean values for peak power and time of power production in all three tests were recorded. The BMX riders produced peak power (1105±139W) at 100revs·min-1 with lower peak power produced at 80revs:min-1 (1060±69W, (F(2,15)=3.162; p=.266; η2 =0.960), 120revs·min-1 (1077±141W, (F(2,15)=4.348; p=.203; η2 =0.970) and 140revs·min-1 (1046±175W, (F(2,15)=12.350; p=0.077; η2 =0.989). The shortest time to power production was attained at 120revs·min-1 in 2.5±1.07s. Whilst a cadence of 80revs:min-1 (3.5±0.8s, (F(2,15)=2.667; p=.284; η2 =0.800) 100revs:min-1 (3.00±1.13s, (F(2,15)=24.832; p=.039; η2 =0.974) and 140revs:min-1 (3.50±0.88s, (F(2,15)=44.167; p=.006; η2 =0.967)) all recorded a longer time to peak power production. The results indicate that the optimal cadence for producing peak power output and reducing the time to peak power output are attained at comparatively low cadences for sprint cycling events. These findings could potentially inform strength and conditioning training to maximise dynamic force production and enable coaches to select optimal gear ratios

Photon-mediated Peierls transition of a 1D Gas in a multimode optical cavity

Funding: This work was supported by the NSF DMR-1613029(V.G.), US-ARO contracts W911NF1310172 (V.G.) and W911NF1910262 (B.L.), DARPA DRINQS program (C.R. & V.G.), DOE-BES award DESC0001911 (V.G.),and the Simons Foundation (V.G.). Y.G. acknowledges funding from the Stanford Q-FARM Graduate Student Fellowship.The Peierls instability toward a charge density wave is a canonical example of phonon-driven strongly correlated physics and is intimately related to topological quantum matter and exotic superconductivity. We propose a method for realizing an analogous photon-mediated Peierls transition, using a system of one-dimensional tubes of interacting Bose or Fermi atoms trapped inside a multimode confocal cavity. Pumping the cavity transversely engineers a cavity-mediated metal-to-insulator transition in the atomic system. For strongly interacting bosons in the Tonks-Girardeau limit, this transition can be understood (through fermionization) as being the Peierls instability. We extend the calculation to finite values of the interaction strength and derive analytic expressions for both the cavity field and mass gap. They display nontrivial power law dependence on the dimensionless matter-light coupling.PostprintPeer reviewe

Performance Characteristics in BMX Racing: A Scoping Review

Performance characteristics across a number of cycle sports have been investigated for decades. However, evidence suggests little is known about the performance characteristics in BMX cycling. As a result, a scoping review was undertaken to explore the quantity and themes of research in this area. After adopting the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRIMSA) guidelines 104 studies were identified in the initial search and post screening 17 studies were identified as relevant. These studies were categorised into two sub categories; physical and technical characteristics. The first category, physical performance characteristics included ten studies that analysed torque, cadence, and peak power in relation to velocity and time to peak power. The remaining 7 studies related to technical attributes and focused on the development of an effective gate start technique or analysed techniques deemed important during a BMX race. In addition to the categories, 9 of the 17 studies identified in this review reported reliability issues in collecting performance characteristic data, as well as issues surrounding transference of data from the laboratory to the BMX track. Future research should consider intervention studies examining how time to peak power could be developed and the effect this would have on the start of a BMX race. Future studies may also consider using equipment with higher levels of reliability and testing riders in the track environment. Moreover, this scoping review could serve as a starting point for a systematic revie

A survey of state-of-the-art methods for securing medical databases

This review article presents a survey of recent work devoted to advanced state-of-the-art methods for securing of medical databases. We concentrate on three main directions, which have received attention recently: attribute-based encryption for enabling secure access to confidential medical databases distributed among several data centers; homomorphic encryption for providing answers to confidential queries in a secure manner; and privacy-preserving data mining used to analyze data stored in medical databases for verifying hypotheses and discovering trends. Only the most recent and significant work has been included

Brown howler monkey: alouatta guariba Humboldt, 1812

Alouatta guariba is endemic to the Atlantic Forest in eastern Brazil and northeast Argentina. In the south, its distribution is limited by the Camaquã river basin (Printes et al. 2001) and to the north by the Paraguaçu river in the state of Bahia (Gregorin 2006; Neves et al. 2018). The western boundary is marked by the limits of the Atlantic Forest. It occurs in the Brazilian states of Bahia, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Mendes et al. 2008, Bicca-Marques et al. 2018). In Argentina the species is limited to the province of Misiones (Agostini et al. 2017).Fil: Buss, Gerson. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação dos Primatas; BrasilFil: Oklander, Luciana Inés. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Posadas; ArgentinaFil: Bicca Marques, Júlio César. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Parana. Escola de Ciencias Da Vida.; BrasilFil: Hirano, Zelinda B.. Universidade Regional de Blumenau; BrasilFil: Chaves, Oscar M.. Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Parana. Escola de Ciencias Da Vida.; BrasilFil: Mendes, Sergio L.. Instituto Nacional da Mata Atlântica; BrasilFil: Neves, Leonardo G.. Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz; BrasilFil: Melo, Fabiano R.. Universidade Federal de Viçosa.; BrasilFil: Rylands, Anthony B.. Wildlife Conservation Society; Estados UnidosFil: Jerusalinsky, Leandro. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação dos Primatas Brasileiros; Brasi

Do advanced mathematics skills predict success in biology and chemistry degrees?

The mathematical preparedness of science undergraduates has been a subject of debate for some time. This paper investigates the relationship between school mathematics attainment and degree outcomes in biology and chemistry across England, a much larger scale of analysis than has hitherto been reported in the literature. A unique dataset which links the National Pupil Database for England (NPD) and Higher Education Statistics Agency (HESA) data is used to track the educational trajectories of a national cohort of 16-year-olds through their school and degree programmes. Multilevel regression models indicate that students who completed advanced mathematics qualifications prior to their university study of biology and chemistry were no more likely to attain the best degree outcomes than those without advanced mathematics. The models do, however, suggest that success in advanced chemistry at school predicts outcomes in undergraduate biology and vice versa. There are important social background differences and the impact of the university attended is considerable. We discuss a range of possible explanations of these findings

New insights into the distribution and conservation status of the Golden-White Tassel-Ear Marmoset Mico chrysoleucos (Primates, Callitrichidae)

Among the 13 Mico species recognized by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, six are listed as "Data Deficient". The geographic range of most of the Mico species has been estimated from only a few records. We report new localities and the geographic extension of Mico chrysoleucos. In addition, we confirmed the presence of the species in two distinct protected areas. We modeled the habitat suitability of M. chrysoleucos using the maximum entropy method and including new records obtained by the authors in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. From the total area of occurrence calculated for the species, 22.8% is covered by protected areas and indigenous lands. The annual mean deforestation rate estimated between 2000 and 2015 was 2.95%, and the total area deforested by 2015 was 3354 km2 or 8.6% of the total distribution limits of the species. The habitat lost between 2000 and 2015 was 3.2% (1131 km2 ) of the total potential distribution, while the habitat loss area legally protected was 31 km2, and the habitat loss in settlements was equal to 691 km2. Our results extend the geographic distribution of the species about 100 km farther south, with the Maracanã River being a possible geographic barrier for the species. The significantly low rate of habitat loss inside protected areas and indigenous land, when compared to unprotected areas, points out the importance of these areas to M. chrysoleucos conservation. The species is relatively wide-ranging, legally protected, and resilient to regional anthropic threats. However, the hydroelectric schemes and the improvement of the road system in southern Amazonia pose an imminent threat to the species

Community ecology of the Middle Miocene primates of La Venta, Colombia: the relationship between ecological diversity, divergence time, and phylogenetic richness

It has been suggested that the degree of ecological diversity that characterizes a primate community correlates positively with both its phylogenetic richness and the time since the members of that community diverged (Fleagle and Reed in Primate communities. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 92–115, 1999). It is therefore questionable whether or not a community with a relatively recent divergence time but high phylogenetic richness would be as ecologically variable as a community with similar phylogenetic richness but a more distant divergence time. To address this question, the ecological diversity of a fossil primate community from La Venta, Colombia, a Middle Miocene platyrrhine community with phylogenetic diversity comparable with extant platyrrhine communities but a relatively short time since divergence, was compared with that of modern Neotropical primate communities. Shearing quotients and molar lengths, which together are reliable indicators of diet, for both fossil and extant species were plotted against each other to describe the dietary “ecospace” occupied by each community. Community diversity was calculated as the area of the minimum convex polygon encompassing all community members. The diversity of the fossil community was then compared with that of extant communities to test whether the fossil community was less diverse than extant communities while taking phylogenetic richness into account. Results indicate that the La Ventan community was not significantly less ecologically diverse than modern communities, supporting the idea that ecological diversification occurred along with phylogenetic diversification early in platyrrhine evolution

Neural processing of criticism and positive comments from relatives in individuals with schizotypal personality traits

Objectives. High negative expressed emotion by family members towards schizophrenia patients increases the risk of subsequent relapse. The study aimed to determine whether individuals with high schizotypy (HS) and low schizotypy (LS) would differ in activation of brain areas involved in cognitive control when listening to relative criticism