Interaction of Individual Skyrmions in Nanostructured Cubic Chiral Magnet

We report the direct evidence of field-dependent character of the interaction between individual magnetic skyrmions as well as between skyrmions and edges in B20-type FeGe nanostripes observed by means of high resolution Lorentz transmission electron microscopy. It is shown that above certain critical values of external magnetic field the character of such long-range skyrmion interactions change from attraction to repulsion. Experimentally measured equilibrium inter-skyrmion and skrymion-edge distances as function of applied magnetic field shows quantitative agreement with the results of micromagnetic simulations. Important role of demagnetizing fields and internal symmetry of three-dimensional magnetic skyrmions are discussed in details.Comment: accepted in PR

ГІПЕРАЛЬДОСТЕРОНІЗМ – ПОШИРЕНІСТЬ ТА ДЕ ЙОГО ШУКАТИ

Hyperaldosteronism is a complex clinical and pathological hormonal metabolic syndrome, which includes symptoms of vascular tone disorders (hypertension), mineral metabolism, renal and neuromuscular disorders caused by excessive unregulated secretion main mineralocorticoid adrenal hormones – aldosterone and mineralocorticoides close to it.The aim of the study – to review general practitioners, cardiologists, endocrinologists symptom of hyperaldosteronism.Material and Methods. Analysis of the basic fundamental research to determine the nature and prevalence of hyperaldosteronism in patients with hypertension.Results and Discussion. It was set the frequency of primary hyperaldosteronism in patients with resistant hypertension according to various statistics from 8 to 15 %. For proper treatment of hyperaldosteronism it is necessary the distribution in corrective surgery and not corrective form. Search criteria of hyperaldosteronism are: concierge poorly controlled hypertension combined with arrhythmia, paresthesia, convulsions, heart pain, headache; hypertension, resistant to antihypertensive therapy for at least three drugs; combination of hypertension with hypopotassiumemia; hypertension in young children, especially under 20 years; hypertension and a family history of early hypertension; hyperaldosteronism in cases of direct family relatives.Conclusions. Hyperaldosteronism is a complex syndrome, one manifestation of which is resistant hypertension. In 15 % of patients with hypertension is the cause of hyperaldosteronism. In such cases, surgical treatment, removal of aldosteroma is the only effective treatment for hypertension.Гиперальдостеронизм представляет собой сложный патологический клинико-метаболический гормональный симптомокомплекс, включающий синдромы нарушений сосудистого тонуса (артериальная гипертензия), минерального метаболизма, почечных и нейромышечных расстройств, обусловленных избыточной нерегулируемой секрецией основного минералокортикоидного гормона коры надпочечников – альдостерона и близких к нему минералокортикоидов.Цель исследования – ознакомление врачей общей практики, кардиологов, эндокринологов с симптомокомплексом гиперальдостеронизма.Материалы и методы. Проведен анализ основных фундаментальных исследований по определению сущности и распространенности гиперальдостеронизма среди пациентов с артериальной гипертензией.Результаты исследований и их обсуждение. Установлено, что частота первичного гиперальдостеронизма среди пациентов с устойчивой артериальной гипертензией по данным различных статистик составляет от 8 до 15 %. Для правильной организации лечения больных гиперальдостеронизмом важно деление на хирургически коррегируемые и некоррегируемые формы. Критериями поиска гиперальдостеронизма являются: стойкая, плохо контролируемая артериальная гипертензия в сочетании с аритмией, парестезиями, судорогами, болью в сердце, головной болью; гипертензия, резистентная к антигипертензивной терапии не менее чем тремя препаратами; сочетание артериальной гипертензии с гипокалиемией; гипертензия у лиц молодого возраста, особенно до 20 лет; гипертензия и отягощенный семейный анамнез ранней гипертензии; случаи гиперальдостеронизма в семье у прямых родственников.Выводы. Гиперальдостеронизм представляет собой сложный симптомокомплекс, одним из проявлений которого является стойкая артериальная гипертензия. У 15 % больных артериальной гипертензией причиной ее является гиперальдостеронизм. В таких случаях хирургическое лечение, удаление альдостеромы, является единственным эффективным методом лечения артериальной гипертензии.Гіперальдостеронізм являє собою складний патологічний клініко-метаболічний гормональний симптомокомплекс, що включає синдроми порушень судинного тонусу (артеріальна гіпертензія), мінерального метаболізму, ниркових і нейром’язових розладів, зумовлених надмірною нерегульованою секрецією основного мінералокортикоїдного гормону кори надниркових залоз – альдостерону та близьких до нього мінералокортикоїдів.Мета дослідження – ознайомлення лікарів загальної практики, кардіологів, ендокринологів із симптомокомплексом гіперальдостеронізму.Матеріали і методи. Проведено аналіз основних фундаментальних досліджень із визначення сутності й поширеності гіперальдостеронізму серед пацієнтів з артеріальною гіпертензією.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. Встановлено, що частота первинного гіперальдостеронізму серед пацієнтів зі стійкою артеріальною гіпертензією за даними різних статистик становить від 8 до 15 %. Для правильної організації лікування хворих на гіперальдостеронізм має значення розподіл на хірургічно корегувальні й некорегувальні форми. Критеріями пошуку гіперальдостеронізму є стійка, погано контрольована артеріальна гіпертензія, поєднана  з аритмією, парестезіями, судомами, болем у серці, головним болем; гіпертензія, резистентна до антигіпертензивної терапії не менше ніж трьома препаратами; поєднання артеріальної гіпертензії із гіпокаліємією; гіпертензія в осіб молодого віку, особливо до 20 років; гіпертензія та обтяжений сімейний анамнез ранньої гіпертензії; випадки гіперальдостеронізму в сім’ї у прямих родичів.Висновки. Гіперальдостеронізм є складний симптомокомплекс, одним із проявів якого є стійка артеріальна гіпертензія. У 15 % хворих на артеріальну гіпертензію причиною її є гіперальдостеронізм. В таких випадках хірургічне лікування, видалення альдостероми є єдиним ефективним методом лікування артеріальної гіпертензії.

Finitely generated free Heyting algebras via Birkhoff duality and coalgebra

Algebras axiomatized entirely by rank 1 axioms are algebras for a functor and thus the free algebras can be obtained by a direct limit process. Dually, the final coalgebras can be obtained by an inverse limit process. In order to explore the limits of this method we look at Heyting algebras which have mixed rank 0-1 axiomatizations. We will see that Heyting algebras are special in that they are almost rank 1 axiomatized and can be handled by a slight variant of the rank 1 coalgebraic methods

Inference Rules in Nelson’s Logics, Admissibility and Weak Admissibility

© 2015, Springer Basel. Our paper aims to investigate inference rules for Nelson’s logics and to discuss possible ways to determine admissibility of inference rules in such logics. We will use the technique offered originally for intuitionistic logic and paraconsistent minimal Johannson’s logic. However, the adaptation is not an easy and evident task since Nelson’s logics do not enjoy replacement of equivalences rule. Therefore we consider and compare standard admissibility and weak admissibility. Our paper founds algorithms for recognizing weak admissibility and admissibility itself – for restricted cases, to show the problems arising in the course of study

Complexity and Expressivity of Branching- and Alternating-Time Temporal Logics with Finitely Many Variables

We show that Branching-time temporal logics CTL and CTL*, as well as Alternating-time temporal logics ATL and ATL*, are as semantically expressive in the language with a single propositional variable as they are in the full language, i.e., with an unlimited supply of propositional variables. It follows that satisfiability for CTL, as well as for ATL, with a single variable is EXPTIME-complete, while satisfiability for CTL*, as well as for ATL*, with a single variable is 2EXPTIME-complete,--i.e., for these logics, the satisfiability for formulas with only one variable is as hard as satisfiability for arbitrary formulas.Comment: Prefinal version of the published pape

Modern microwave methods in solid state inorganic materials chemistry: from fundamentals to manufacturing

No abstract available

In Situ Observations during Chemical Vapor Deposition of Hexagonal Boron Nitride on Polycrystalline Copper.

Using a combination of complementary in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, we study the fundamental mechanisms underlying the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) on polycrystalline Cu. The nucleation and growth of h-BN layers is found to occur isothermally, i.e., at constant elevated temperature, on the Cu surface during exposure to borazine. A Cu lattice expansion during borazine exposure and B precipitation from Cu upon cooling highlight that B is incorporated into the Cu bulk, i.e., that growth is not just surface-mediated. On this basis we suggest that B is taken up in the Cu catalyst while N is not (by relative amounts), indicating element-specific feeding mechanisms including the bulk of the catalyst. We further show that oxygen intercalation readily occurs under as-grown h-BN during ambient air exposure, as is common in further processing, and that this negatively affects the stability of h-BN on the catalyst. For extended air exposure Cu oxidation is observed, and upon re-heating in vacuum an oxygen-mediated disintegration of the h-BN film via volatile boron oxides occurs. Importantly, this disintegration is catalyst mediated, i.e., occurs at the catalyst/h-BN interface and depends on the level of oxygen fed to this interface. In turn, however, deliberate feeding of oxygen during h-BN deposition can positively affect control over film morphology. We discuss the implications of these observations in the context of corrosion protection and relate them to challenges in process integration and heterostructure CVD.P.R.K. acknowledges funding from the Cambridge Commonwealth Trust and the Lindemann Trust Fellowship. R.S.W. acknowledges a research fellowship from St. John’s College, Cambridge. S.H. acknowledges funding from ERC grant InsituNANO (no. 279342), EPSRC under grant GRAPHTED (project reference EP/K016636/1), Grant EP/H047565/1 and EU FP7 Work Programme under grant GRAFOL (project reference 285275). The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility (ESRF) is acknowledged for provision of synchrotron radiation and assistance in using beamline BM20/ROBL. We acknowledge Helmholtz-Zentrum-Berlin Electron storage ring BESSY II for synchrotron radiation at the ISISS beamline and continuous support of our experiments.This is the final version. It was first published by ACS at http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cm502603

Remarkable convergent evolution in specialized parasitic Thecostraca (Crustacea)

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The Thecostraca are arguably the most morphologically and biologically variable group within the Crustacea, including both suspension feeders (Cirripedia: Thoracica and Acrothoracica) and parasitic forms (Cirripedia: Rhizocephala, Ascothoracida and Facetotecta). Similarities between the metamorphosis found in the Facetotecta and Rhizocephala suggests a common evolutionary origin, but until now no comprehensive study has looked at the basic evolution of these thecostracan groups.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>To this end, we collected DNA sequences from three nuclear genes [18S rRNA (2,305), 28S rRNA (2,402), Histone H3 (328)] and 41 larval characters in seven facetotectans, five ascothoracidans, three acrothoracicans, 25 rhizocephalans and 39 thoracicans (ingroup) and 12 Malacostraca and 10 Copepoda (outgroup). Maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian analyses showed the Facetotecta, Ascothoracida and Cirripedia each as monophyletic. The better resolved and highly supported DNA maximum likelihood and morphological-DNA Bayesian analysis trees depicted the main phylogenetic relationships within the Thecostraca as (Facetotecta, (Ascothoracida, (Acrothoracica, (Rhizocephala, Thoracica)))).</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Our analyses indicate a convergent evolution of the very similar and highly reduced slug-shaped stages found during metamorphosis of both the Rhizocephala and the Facetotecta. This provides a remarkable case of convergent evolution and implies that the advanced endoparasitic mode of life known from the Rhizocephala and strongly indicated for the Facetotecta had no common origin. Future analyses are needed to determine whether the most recent common ancestor of the Thecostraca was free-living or some primitive form of ectoparasite.</p

EPIdemiology of Surgery-Associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) : Study protocol for a multicentre, observational trial

More than 300 million surgical procedures are performed each year. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after major surgery and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a large variation in the incidence of reported AKI rates. The establishment of an accurate epidemiology of surgery-associated AKI is important for healthcare policy, quality initiatives, clinical trials, as well as for improving guidelines. The objective of the Epidemiology of Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) trial is to prospectively evaluate the epidemiology of AKI after major surgery using the latest Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus definition of AKI. EPIS-AKI is an international prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study including 10 000 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the ICU or a similar high dependency unit. The primary endpoint is the incidence of AKI within 72 hours after surgery according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary endpoints include use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality during ICU and hospital stay, length of ICU and hospital stay and major adverse kidney events (combined endpoint consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality) at day 90. Further, we will evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of postoperative AKI. In an add-on analysis, we will assess urinary biomarkers for early detection of AKI. EPIS-AKI has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Council North Rhine-Westphalia, of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster and the corresponding Ethics Committee at each participating site. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and used to design further AKI-related trials. Trial registration number NCT04165369

Effects of hospital facilities on patient outcomes after cancer surgery: an international, prospective, observational study

Background Early death after cancer surgery is higher in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) compared with in high-income countries, yet the impact of facility characteristics on early postoperative outcomes is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the association between hospital infrastructure, resource availability, and processes on early outcomes after cancer surgery worldwide.Methods A multimethods analysis was performed as part of the GlobalSurg 3 study-a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study of patients who had surgery for breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer. The primary outcomes were 30-day mortality and 30-day major complication rates. Potentially beneficial hospital facilities were identified by variable selection to select those associated with 30-day mortality. Adjusted outcomes were determined using generalised estimating equations to account for patient characteristics and country-income group, with population stratification by hospital.Findings Between April 1, 2018, and April 23, 2019, facility-level data were collected for 9685 patients across 238 hospitals in 66 countries (91 hospitals in 20 high-income countries; 57 hospitals in 19 upper-middle-income countries; and 90 hospitals in 27 low-income to lower-middle-income countries). The availability of five hospital facilities was inversely associated with mortality: ultrasound, CT scanner, critical care unit, opioid analgesia, and oncologist. After adjustment for case-mix and country income group, hospitals with three or fewer of these facilities (62 hospitals, 1294 patients) had higher mortality compared with those with four or five (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.85 [95% CI 2.58-5.75]; p&lt;0.0001), with excess mortality predominantly explained by a limited capacity to rescue following the development of major complications (63.0% vs 82.7%; OR 0.35 [0.23-0.53]; p&lt;0.0001). Across LMICs, improvements in hospital facilities would prevent one to three deaths for every 100 patients undergoing surgery for cancer.Interpretation Hospitals with higher levels of infrastructure and resources have better outcomes after cancer surgery, independent of country income. Without urgent strengthening of hospital infrastructure and resources, the reductions in cancer-associated mortality associated with improved access will not be realised