Análisis de las principales fuentes de financiamiento no convencionales para las STARTUPS.

Crecimiento exponencial, escalabilidad, temporalidad y el componente tecnológico son las características principales de las startups, en medio de una era digital este tipo de empresas o ideas de negocio está atrayendo la atención de muchos inversionistas alrededor del mundo. Además, por la originalidad, innovación y creatividad, que caracteriza este tipo de proyectos tienen la capacidad de generar ingresos y muchos empleos si se desarrollan con éxito. Las startups están tomando protagonismo en muchos países desarrollados y recientemente también están incursionando en Latinoamérica, pero uno de los principales problemas a los que estas se enfrentan para poder poner en marcha su idea, son las dificultades de financiación y acceso a capital; en razón de ello se llevó a cabo la presente investigación, la cual tiene como objetivos el estudio de las fuentes de financiamiento no convencionales para las startups y determinar los principales retos y obstáculos que limitan el acceso al financiamiento convencional. Para llevar a cabo la presente investigación fue indispensable consultar estudios previos, diferentes bibliografías, acceder a diversas plataformas que permiten conocer alternativas de financiamiento no convencional, además de obtener información de instituciones que interactúan en el ecosistema emprendedor de las startups, dicha información fue obtenida mediante el uso de instrumentos de recolección de datos como la entrevista y la encuesta. La recolección de esta información nos permitió realizar un análisis para establecer las principales limitantes que las startups enfrentan, las ii características que debe poseer una startup para poder atraer financiamiento o inversión y desarrollarse con éxito. La realización de este análisis nos permitió concluir sobre el tema en cuestión determinando que en El Salvador las startup tienen limitado acceso al financiamiento de una institución financiera, además de ello existe desconocimiento de las formas no convencionales de las que se pueden disponer para financiar emprendimientos o startups. Por lo que recomendamos que exista más apoyo de parte de las instituciones del Estado para promover la creación de incubadoras y aceleradoras de startups que brinden apoyo y asesoría a los emprendedores y además las conecten con inversionistas o instituciones que puedan financiar sus proyectos; así como promover y guiar el uso de plataformas de financiamiento con herramientas como el crowdfunding, business angels y otros

Carbofuran biodegradation by an autochthonous trichoderma sp. and its potential use for the bioremediation of contaminated soils

El Carbofuran es un plaguicida N-metilcarbamato, inestable que se hidroliza en el ambiente y sus residuos se han detectado en aguas subterráneas. Los hongos celulolíticos como Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium, Trichoderma entre otros son conocidos por tolerar y biodegradar contaminantes tóxicos como los plaguicidas (Clordano, Lindano, DDT) e hidrocarburos. El objetivo de este trabajo consistió en aislar una cepa de Trichoderma autóctona de los suelos de Maimará (Jujuy) con capacidad de tolerar el Carbofuran e investigar su viabilidad frente al agroquímico cuya permanencia fue determinada experimentalmente. En condiciones de laboratorio se determinó la concentración de Carbofuran en suelos de Maimará, además se realizó una curva de degradación abiótica del tóxico. También se aisló la cepa Trichoderma sp. del suelo antes mencionado y se la expuso a diferentes concentraciones de Carbofuran durante 120 h, donde se midió el desarrollo micelial (DM), se calculó el porcentaje de inhibición del desarrollo (PID), se cuantificó el número de conidios y el porcentaje de germinación.El Carbofuran se degradó con una cinética de primer orden en un 64%, habiendo transcurrido 45 días desde la aplicación, el tiempo de vida media fue 33 días. La cepa Trichoderma sp., se expuso a concentraciones de 35, 98, 177, 315 mg/L de Carbofuran, donde no se observó inhibición en el crecimiento y el conteo de conidios no presentó diferencia significativa (p > 0.05) respecto al control. En todos los tratamientos el porcentaje de germinación fue aproximadamente de un 100% respecto al control.Carbofuran is an unstable N-methylcarbamate pesticide that hydrolyses in the environment and its residues have been detected in groundwater. The cellulolytic fungi such as Aspergillus, Fusarium, Mucor, Penicillium and Trichoderma among others are recognized for tolerating and biodegrading toxic contaminants such as pesticides (Chlordane, Lindane, DDT) and Hydrocarbons. The objective of this work was to isolate an autochthonous microorganism from Maimará soils (Jujuy) with the capacity to tolerate Carbofuran, and to research its viability in the presence of the agrochemical whose permanence was determined experimentally. Carbofuran concentration in Maimará soils was determined under laboratory conditions. In addition, a new curve of toxic abiotic degradation was carried out. The Trichoderma sp. strain was isolated from the aforementioned soil and exposed to Carbofuran for 120 h, the mycelial development (MD) was measured, the percentage of development inhibition (PDI) was calculated, development inhibition percentage was calculated, the number of conidia and the percentage of germination were quantified. Carbofuran was degraded to 64% with first-order kinetics after 45 days of application, the average life time was 33 days. The Trichoderma sp. strain was exposed to 35, 98, 177, 315 mg / L concentrations of Carbofuran and no inhibition was observed, the conidia count showed no significant difference (p > 0.05) according to control. The germination percentage, in all the treatments, was close to 100% according to control.Fil: Romero, Alejandra Eunice. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Yañez, Luciano Matías. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Maldonado, Marcos Javier. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos; ArgentinaFil: Choque, Daniela Alejandra. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Ávila Carreras, María Elisa Natalia. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; Argentin

Environmental gradients and the evolution of successional habitat specialization: A test case with 14 Neotropical forest sites

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84939570316&partnerID=40&md5=fcadae8e6c274e8b7efca96099304a7cSuccessional gradients are ubiquitous in nature, yet few studies have systematically examined the evolutionary origins of taxa that specialize at different successional stages. Here we quantify successional habitat specialization in Neotropical forest trees and evaluate its evolutionary lability along a precipitation gradient. Theoretically, successional habitat specialization should be more evolutionarily conserved in wet forests than in dry forests due to more extreme microenvironmental differentiation between early and late-successional stages in wet forest. We applied a robust multinomial classification model to samples of primary and secondary forest trees from 14 Neotropical lowland forest sites spanning a precipitation gradient from 788 to 4000 mm annual rainfall, identifying species that are old-growth specialists and secondary forest specialists in each site. We constructed phylogenies for the classified taxa at each site and for the entire set of classified taxa and tested whether successional habitat specialization is phylogenetically conserved. We further investigated differences in the functional traits of species specializing in secondary vs. old-growth forest along the precipitation gradient, expecting different trait associations with secondary forest specialists in wet vs. dry forests since water availability is more limiting in dry forests and light availability more limiting in wet forests. Successional habitat specialization is non-randomly distributed in the angiosperm phylogeny, with a tendency towards phylogenetic conservatism overall and a trend towards stronger conservatism in wet forests than in dry forests. However, the specialists come from all the major branches of the angiosperm phylogeny, and very few functional traits showed any consistent relationships with successional habitat specialization in either wet or dry forests. Synthesis. The niche conservatism evident in the habitat specialization of Neotropical trees suggests a role for radiation into different successional habitats in the evolution of species-rich genera, though the diversity of functional traits that lead to success in different successional habitats complicates analyses at the community scale. Examining the distribution of particular lineages with respect to successional gradients may provide more insight into the role of successional habitat specialization in the evolution of species-rich taxa

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Correction to: Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

The original version of this article unfortunately contained a mistake

Prevalence, associated factors and outcomes of pressure injuries in adult intensive care unit patients: the DecubICUs study

Funder: European Society of Intensive Care Medicine; doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100013347Funder: Flemish Society for Critical Care NursesAbstract: Purpose: Intensive care unit (ICU) patients are particularly susceptible to developing pressure injuries. Epidemiologic data is however unavailable. We aimed to provide an international picture of the extent of pressure injuries and factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries in adult ICU patients. Methods: International 1-day point-prevalence study; follow-up for outcome assessment until hospital discharge (maximum 12 weeks). Factors associated with ICU-acquired pressure injury and hospital mortality were assessed by generalised linear mixed-effects regression analysis. Results: Data from 13,254 patients in 1117 ICUs (90 countries) revealed 6747 pressure injuries; 3997 (59.2%) were ICU-acquired. Overall prevalence was 26.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 25.9–27.3). ICU-acquired prevalence was 16.2% (95% CI 15.6–16.8). Sacrum (37%) and heels (19.5%) were most affected. Factors independently associated with ICU-acquired pressure injuries were older age, male sex, being underweight, emergency surgery, higher Simplified Acute Physiology Score II, Braden score 3 days, comorbidities (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, immunodeficiency), organ support (renal replacement, mechanical ventilation on ICU admission), and being in a low or lower-middle income-economy. Gradually increasing associations with mortality were identified for increasing severity of pressure injury: stage I (odds ratio [OR] 1.5; 95% CI 1.2–1.8), stage II (OR 1.6; 95% CI 1.4–1.9), and stage III or worse (OR 2.8; 95% CI 2.3–3.3). Conclusion: Pressure injuries are common in adult ICU patients. ICU-acquired pressure injuries are associated with mainly intrinsic factors and mortality. Optimal care standards, increased awareness, appropriate resource allocation, and further research into optimal prevention are pivotal to tackle this important patient safety threat

Environmental gradients and the evolution of successional habitat specialization: A test case with 14 Neotropical forest sites

https://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-84939570316&partnerID=40&md5=fcadae8e6c274e8b7efca96099304a7cSuccessional gradients are ubiquitous in nature, yet few studies have systematically examined the evolutionary origins of taxa that specialize at different successional stages. Here we quantify successional habitat specialization in Neotropical forest trees and evaluate its evolutionary lability along a precipitation gradient. Theoretically, successional habitat specialization should be more evolutionarily conserved in wet forests than in dry forests due to more extreme microenvironmental differentiation between early and late-successional stages in wet forest. We applied a robust multinomial classification model to samples of primary and secondary forest trees from 14 Neotropical lowland forest sites spanning a precipitation gradient from 788 to 4000 mm annual rainfall, identifying species that are old-growth specialists and secondary forest specialists in each site. We constructed phylogenies for the classified taxa at each site and for the entire set of classified taxa and tested whether successional habitat specialization is phylogenetically conserved. We further investigated differences in the functional traits of species specializing in secondary vs. old-growth forest along the precipitation gradient, expecting different trait associations with secondary forest specialists in wet vs. dry forests since water availability is more limiting in dry forests and light availability more limiting in wet forests. Successional habitat specialization is non-randomly distributed in the angiosperm phylogeny, with a tendency towards phylogenetic conservatism overall and a trend towards stronger conservatism in wet forests than in dry forests. However, the specialists come from all the major branches of the angiosperm phylogeny, and very few functional traits showed any consistent relationships with successional habitat specialization in either wet or dry forests. Synthesis. The niche conservatism evident in the habitat specialization of Neotropical trees suggests a role for radiation into different successional habitats in the evolution of species-rich genera, though the diversity of functional traits that lead to success in different successional habitats complicates analyses at the community scale. Examining the distribution of particular lineages with respect to successional gradients may provide more insight into the role of successional habitat specialization in the evolution of species-rich taxa

Environmental gradients and the evolution of successional habitat specialization: A test case with 14 Neotropical forest sites

Successional gradients are ubiquitous in nature, yet few studies have systematically examined the evolutionary origins of taxa that specialize at different successional stages. Here we quantify successional habitat specialization in Neotropical forest trees and evaluate its evolutionary lability along a precipitation gradient. Theoretically, successional habitat specialization should be more evolutionarily conserved in wet forests than in dry forests due to more extreme microenvironmental differentiation between early and late-successional stages in wet forest. We applied a robust multinomial classification model to samples of primary and secondary forest trees from 14 Neotropical lowland forest sites spanning a precipitation gradient from 788 to 4000 mm annual rainfall, identifying species that are old-growth specialists and secondary forest specialists in each site. We constructed phylogenies for the classified taxa at each site and for the entire set of classified taxa and tested whether successional habitat specialization is phylogenetically conserved. We further investigated differences in the functional traits of species specializing in secondary vs. old-growth forest along the precipitation gradient, expecting different trait associations with secondary forest specialists in wet vs. dry forests since water availability is more limiting in dry forests and light availability more limiting in wet forests. Successional habitat specialization is non-randomly distributed in the angiosperm phylogeny, with a tendency towards phylogenetic conservatism overall and a trend towards stronger conservatism in wet forests than in dry forests. However, the specialists come from all the major branches of the angiosperm phylogeny, and very few functional traits showed any consistent relationships with successional habitat specialization in either wet or dry forests. Synthesis. The niche conservatism evident in the habitat specialization of Neotropical trees suggests a role for radiation into different successional habitats in the evolution of species-rich genera, though the diversity of functional traits that lead to success in different successional habitats complicates analyses at the community scale. Examining the distribution of particular lineages with respect to successional gradients may provide more insight into the role of successional habitat specialization in the evolution of species-rich taxa. © 2015 British Ecological Society

Data from: Environmental gradients and the evolution of successional habitat specialization: a test case with 14 Neotropical forest sites

1. Successional gradients are ubiquitous in nature, yet few studies have systematically examined the evolutionary origins of taxa that specialize at different successional stages. Here we quantify successional habitat specialization in Neotropical forest trees and evaluate its evolutionary lability along a precipitation gradient. Theoretically, successional habitat specialization should be more evolutionarily conserved in wet forests than in dry forests due to more extreme microenvironmental differentiation between early and late successional stages in wet forest. 2. We applied a robust multinomial classification model to samples of primary and secondary forest trees from 14 Neotropical lowland forest sites spanning a precipitation gradient from 788 to 4000 mm annual rainfall, identifying species that are old growth specialists and secondary forest specialists in each site. We constructed phylogenies for the classified taxa at each site and for the entire set of classified taxa, and tested whether successional habitat specialization is phylogenetically conserved. We further investigated differences in the functional traits of species specializing in secondary vs. old-growth forest along the precipitation gradient, expecting different trait associations with secondary forest specialists in wet vs. dry forests since water availability is more limiting in dry forests and light availability more limiting in wet forests. 3. Successional habitat specialization is non-randomly distributed in the angiosperm phylogeny, with a tendency towards phylogenetic conservatism overall and a trend toward stronger conservatism in wet forests than in dry forests. However, the specialists come from all the major branches of the angiosperm phylogeny, and very few functional traits showed any consistent relationships with successional habitat specialization in either wet or dry forests. 4. Synthesis: The niche conservatism evident in the habitat specialization of Neotropical trees suggests a role for radiation into different successional habitats in the evolution of species-rich genera, though the diversity of functional traits that lead to success in different successional habitats complicates analyses at the community scale. Examining the distribution of particular lineages with respect to successional gradients may provide more insight into the role of successional habitat specialization in the evolution of species-rich taxa