Analysis of the influence of the moment the internationalization process begins on the internationalization intensity of family and nonfamily businesses: An approach using a Tobit model

This article belongs to the Special Issue International Business Management: New Perspectives on Leadership, Strategy and Marketing.The specific characteristics of family businesses as well as the internationalization path followed can influence the intensity of the internationalization process. Many studies have analyzed how family character can influence the internationalization process of family businesses, and the results obtained have not been conclusive. Nevertheless, previous research has not sufficiently addressed the influence that the moment of initiation of the internationalization process has on the levels of internationalization achieved. Based on the behavioral agency model, the unique set of business resources (familiness), and the socioemotional wealth (SEW) perspective, this study examines, the internationalization intensity of family and nonfamily businesses in two defined groups (early internationalization and internationalization from the local market). Likewise, the effect that the entry of the second generation has on the internationalization of these companies is analyzed. To perform this analysis, Tobit regression models are estimated from a data set of panel data from the Spanish Survey on Business Strategies for small and medium-sized Spanish family businesses from 2005 to 2016, finding that family ownership and management have a negative influence on the intensity of exports, regardless of the path of internationalization followed, and that the entry of new generations has a positive relationship with the level of internationalization of these businesses. Finally, implications of the findings for research and management are discussed.UC3M. Departamento de Economía de la Empres

Clasificación dinámica de la relación de la empresa con el entorno

De alguna manera, la identificación de stocks de activos intangibles crea una serie de fotografías fijas del Capital Intelectual de la organización, mientras que las fases de aprendizaje proporcionan el movimiento. Bajo esta perspectiva, es esencial considerar, y así gestionar, también las clases de conocimiento relacional, esto es los cambios en los flujos que afectan a la relación de la organización con el exterior. Para ello, es necesario clasificar el capital relacional atendiendo a la perspectiva dinámica del mismo. El objetivo de este trabajo es clasificar desde un punto de vista dinámico los componentes del Capital Relacional, lo que significa considerar los stocks y flujos de manera conjunta, con esta finalidad, el trabajo se estructura en tres partes: en primer lugar, se establece un marco teórico de referencia del proceso de creación del Capital Relacional; en segundo lugar, se clasifican los stocks de conocimientos que forman el Capital Relacional atendiendo a los criterios planteados por Spender y; por último en la tercera parte se establecen las conclusiones y se proponen a debate aspectos relativos a la gestión del Capital Relacional

Componentes de éxito del aprendizaje grupal en el capital intelectual

[ESP] El aprendizaje grupal es el puente entre el aprendizaje individual y organizativo, sin embargo, aunque la utilización de los equipos de trabajo como unidades básicas en las organizaciones no constituyen un fenómeno reciente, el reconocimiento de su importancia en la creación de "capital intelectual" ha venido siendo más tácito que explícito. En este sentido, los objetivos de esta investigación son: 1) desarrollar un argumento teórico del aprendizaje grupal; 2) describir los factores facilitadores que garantizan el éxito del proceso de aprendizaje grupal; y 3), medir la importancia relativa de los factores facilitadores del aprendizaje grupal en las diferentes fases del aprendizaje organizativo. Por ello, utilizando datos de 139 compañías del sector óptico español, en este trabajo se analizan las oportunidades que brindan los grupos de trabajo como fuentes de conocimiento. Observándose, que si bien, el contexto generado para el inicio de la colaboración entre los miembros del grupo tiene un papel especial para adquirir nuevo conocimiento, en la fase de institucionalización del nuevo conocimiento existe una influencia negativa de las reglas de decisión que rigen el comportamiento de los grupos de la organización, si el conocimiento creado por el grupo no es el deseado. [ENG]Grupal learning is the bridge between individual and organizational learning. The utilization of grupal learning as basic units does not constitute a recent phenomenon. However, the recognition of its importance to create "intellectual capital" has become more tacit than explicit. In this sense, the aims of this research are: 1) to introduce a theoretical argument of grupal learning; 2) some learning facilitators of grupal learning are introduced; and 3), we will measure the relative importance of these components in each phases of the learning processes. Because of this, using data of 139 companies of Spanish optical sector, we analyze in this work the opportunities that teams offer as source of knowledge. We observe, that the context created for the beginning of collaborations among members of the team has a special role in acquiring new knowledge. However, on the institutionalizing phase there is a negative influence of this new knowledge on decision rules that are governing the behavior of groups in the organization, specially, if the knowledge created is not the desired

Influencia de los componentes del capital humano en el proceso de aprendizaje relacional

[ESP] Este trabajo se dirige a analizar el papel del Capital Humano desde la perspectiva dinámica del aprendizaje relacional, esto es, considerando los flujos de aprendizaje y los stocks de conocimientos que generan los individuos de la organización como consecuencia de las relaciones que mantienen con el entorno. Para ello, se examinarán la influencia de los componentes del Capital Humano: conocimientos automáticos, conscientes y capacidades de aprendizaje, respecto a los flujos o fases de adquisición distribución y utilización del conocimiento establecidas por Kohli y Jaworski (1990). De esta manera, se estudiarán la importancia relativa de los componentes del Capital Humano en cada fase de la orientación a! mercado. [ENG] This paper will study the influence of human capital under a dynamic perspective. It considers learning flows and the knowledge stocks that the employees of the organization generate because of the relationships that they maintain with their environments. In this mission, it will be analyzed the influence of three components of human capital (i.e automatic and conscious knowledge, and learning capacities) on the flows of the relationalleaming process including acquisition, distribution and utilization phases of knowledge. In order to study the relative importance of the human capital components in each phase of the market orientation, the scale established by Kohli and Jaworski (1990) will be used in this research. This investigation establishes important conclusions on the role of human capital in the generation of the relationa! capita!. Concretely, the explicit knowledge of the employees is the most meaningful in the organizationa! learning process, although it is also true that the tacit knowledge and individualleaming capacities have a special importance in the acquisition and utilization phases of knowledge respectively

Enfermedades crónicas

Adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico y relación con el control metabólico en pacientes con DM2Aluminio en pacientes con terapia de reemplazo renal crónico con hemodiálisis en Bogotá, ColombiaAmputación de extremidades inferiores: ¿están aumentando las tasas?Consumo de edulcorantes artificiales en jóvenes universitariosCómo crecen niños normales de 2 años que son sobrepeso a los 7 añosDiagnóstico con enfoque territorial de salud cardiovascular en la Región MetropolitanaEfecto a corto plazo de una intervención con ejercicio físico, en niños con sobrepesoEfectos de la cirugía bariátrica en pacientes con síndrome metabólico e IMC < 35 KG/M2Encuesta mundial de tabaquismo en estudiantes de profesiones de saludEnfermedades crónicas no transmisibles: Consecuencias sociales-sanitarias de comunidades rurales en ChileEpidemiología de las muertes hospitalarias por patologías relacionadas a muerte encefálica, Chile 2003-2007Estado nutricional y conductas alimentarias en adolescentes de 4º medio de la Región de CoquimboEstudio de calidad de vida en una muestra del plan piloto para hepatitis CEvaluación del proceso asistencial y de resultados de salud del GES de diabetes mellitus 2Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en población universitaria de la Facsal, universidad de TarapacáImplicancias psicosociales en la génesis, evolución y tratamiento de pacientes con hipertensión arterial esencialInfarto agudo al miocardio (IAM): Realidad en el Hospital de Puerto Natales, 2009-2010Introducción de nuevas TIC y mejoría de la asistencia a un programa de saludNiños obesos atendidos en el Cesfam de Puerto Natales y su entorno familiarPerfil de la mortalidad por cáncer de cuello uterino en Río de JaneiroPerfil del paciente primo-consultante del Programa de Salud Cardiovascular, Consultorio Cordillera Andina, Los AndesPrevalencia de automedicación en mujeres beneficiarias del Hospital Comunitario de Til-TiPrevalencia de caries en población preescolar y su relación con malnutrición por excesoPrevalencia de retinopatía diabética en comunas dependientes del Servicio de Salud Metropolitano Occidente (SSMOC)Problemas de adherencia farmacológica antihipertensiva en población mapuche: Un estudio cualitativoRol biológico de los antioxidantes innatos en pacientes portadores de VIH/SidaSobrepeso en empleados de un restaurante de una universidad pública del estado de São Paul

Famílies botàniques de plantes medicinals

Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona. Ensenyament: Grau de Farmàcia, Assignatura: Botànica Farmacèutica, Curs: 2013-2014, Coordinadors: Joan Simon, Cèsar Blanché i Maria Bosch.Els materials que aquí es presenten són els recull de 175 treballs d’una família botànica d’interès medicinal realitzats de manera individual. Els treballs han estat realitzat per la totalitat dels estudiants dels grups M-2 i M-3 de l’assignatura Botànica Farmacèutica durant els mesos d’abril i maig del curs 2013-14. Tots els treballs s’han dut a terme a través de la plataforma de GoogleDocs i han estat tutoritzats pel professor de l’assignatura i revisats i finalment co-avaluats entre els propis estudiants. L’objectiu principal de l’activitat ha estat fomentar l’aprenentatge autònom i col·laboratiu en Botànica farmacèutica

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis

[Purpose]: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. [Methods]: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. [Results]: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32–3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39–1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16–1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. [Conclusion]: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group

Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use in early acute respiratory distress syndrome : Insights from the LUNG SAFE study

Publisher Copyright: © 2020 The Author(s). Copyright: Copyright 2020 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.Background: Concerns exist regarding the prevalence and impact of unnecessary oxygen use in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). We examined this issue in patients with ARDS enrolled in the Large observational study to UNderstand the Global impact of Severe Acute respiratory FailurE (LUNG SAFE) study. Methods: In this secondary analysis of the LUNG SAFE study, we wished to determine the prevalence and the outcomes associated with hyperoxemia on day 1, sustained hyperoxemia, and excessive oxygen use in patients with early ARDS. Patients who fulfilled criteria of ARDS on day 1 and day 2 of acute hypoxemic respiratory failure were categorized based on the presence of hyperoxemia (PaO2 > 100 mmHg) on day 1, sustained (i.e., present on day 1 and day 2) hyperoxemia, or excessive oxygen use (FIO2 ≥ 0.60 during hyperoxemia). Results: Of 2005 patients that met the inclusion criteria, 131 (6.5%) were hypoxemic (PaO2 < 55 mmHg), 607 (30%) had hyperoxemia on day 1, and 250 (12%) had sustained hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use occurred in 400 (66%) out of 607 patients with hyperoxemia. Excess FIO2 use decreased from day 1 to day 2 of ARDS, with most hyperoxemic patients on day 2 receiving relatively low FIO2. Multivariate analyses found no independent relationship between day 1 hyperoxemia, sustained hyperoxemia, or excess FIO2 use and adverse clinical outcomes. Mortality was 42% in patients with excess FIO2 use, compared to 39% in a propensity-matched sample of normoxemic (PaO2 55-100 mmHg) patients (P = 0.47). Conclusions: Hyperoxemia and excess oxygen use are both prevalent in early ARDS but are most often non-sustained. No relationship was found between hyperoxemia or excessive oxygen use and patient outcome in this cohort. Trial registration: LUNG-SAFE is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT02010073publishersversionPeer reviewe

The rising importance of the "Smart territory" concept: definition and implications

The “Smart territory” concept emerges strongly not only as an extension of the smart city concept but also in opposition to it. The “smartization” of cities can produce a digital gap in the territories, particularly in rural areas that do not have the services and capabilities that citizens in urban areas enjoy. This is the first study fully focusing on the concept of ‘smart territory’, its relevance and the reasons for its emergence. It is also a wake-up call about the benefits of its momentum in the field of digital public policies, particularly in Europe. The beginning of the EU programming period 2021–2027 represents a good opportunity to include clear initiatives for smartization in the Territorial Cohesion Policies, expanding their wider scope and operationalization to different geographical areas

Individual Knowledge as a Bridge between Human and Customer Capital

This paper will study the influence of three components of human capital focusing on operative personnel under a dynamic perspective. It considers learning flows and the knowledge stocks that the employees of the organization generate because of the relationships that they maintain with their clients. The influence of individual knowledge in these learning flows will be examined. These being components such as: learning capacities, automatic and conscious knowledge, on the flows of the relational learning process including transfer, transformation and harvesting phases of knowledge. In order to study the relative importance of the individual knowledge components in each phase of the relational process, the scale established by [Kohli and Jaworski 1990] will be used in this research. The paper is structured in four parts. In the first, a theoretical reference on individual knowledge on the relational learning process will be established. In the second part, some hypothesis and the necessary methodology will be proposed. In the third part the results will be shown and finally, in the conclusions some interesting aspects on the role of individual knowledge in the process described will be shown. Conclusions are based on a study of eighty-four organizations. This investigation establishes important conclusions on the role of individual knowledge in the generation of the customer capital. Concretely, the explicit knowledge of the employees is the most meaningful in the relational learning process, although it is also true that the tacit knowledge and individual learning capacities have a special importance in the harvesting phase of knowledge