Epidemiology and control of malaria in Papua New Guinea : from small-scale heterogeneity to large-scale surveillance and targeted response

Papua New Guinea (PNG), with a total estimated population of 8.8 million by 2019, has great environmental and cultural diversity which is mirrored by a complex malaria epidemiology. The geographic landscape in PNG is very diverse and in places extremely rugged. Malaria is endemic across most parts of Papua New Guinea and heterogeneous levels of endemicity characterize different areas of the country, from areas with intense transmission to unstable transmission areas with low levels of endemicity and even areas with “anophelism sans malaria”. Heterogeneity in endemicity has been attributed to factors within the human, the vector and the parasite. For instance, it has been documented that abundance of alternative hosts such as dogs and pigs together with historic and current control have given rise to significant small-scale heterogeneities in morbidity. In 2004, control efforts were re-intensified with funding from the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria. Countrywide campaigns distributed free LLINs at the household level and, starting late 2011, improved diagnosis by microscopy and RDTs together with the introduction of ACT have been provided progressively at more public and church-run health facilities. In addition the programme was complemented by advocacy and behaviour change campaigns. As a result, the prevalence of malaria decreased from 11.1% (95% confidence interval, CI: 8.5–14.3) in 2008–2009 to 5.1% (95% CI 3.6–7.4) in 2010–2011 and 0.9% (95% CI 0.6–1.5) in 2013–2014, an unprecedented reduction in PNG. In 2017, the latest national survey registered prevalence levels higher than those in 2010/11. In only three years, the estimated number of malaria infections across PNG increased 8.6-fold to 7.1% (95% CI 5.0, 10.1). Four different species of human malaria have been identified in PNG. Of these four, the two dominant species are P. falciparum and P. vivax. Overall, Plasmodium falciparum has remained the dominant species over P. vivax, but their distribution has not been even across the country. In addition, substantial heterogeneity in the prevalence of malaria across PNG has been consistently found over the years with marked differences even between nearby villages. The aim of this work is to provide a better understanding of the heterogeneous malaria transmission and the dynamics of Plasmodium, humans and interventions rolled-out by the Papua New Guinea National Malaria Control Program. This work comprises two major components: 1) a retrospective analysis of incidence of malaria cases in selected sentinel health facilities including a visualization of trends over time in different Sentinel Health Facilities (SHFs), and 2) a cross-sectional malaria survey complemented by a community based qualitative behavioural study. The retrospective analysis of incidence found that malaria incidence in different sites initially ranged from 20 to 115/1,000 population; subsequent trends varied by site. Overall, LLIN distributions had a cumulative effect, reducing the number of malaria cases with each round (incidence rate ratio range 0.12 to 0.53 in five sites). No significant reduction was associated with ACT introduction. Plasmodium falciparum remained the dominant parasite in all sentinel health facilities from 2010 to 2014. Resurgence was observed in one site in which a shift to early and outdoor biting of anophelines had previously been documented. LLINs distributions, but not ACT, were associated with reductions of malaria cases in a range of settings, but sustainability of the gains appear to depend on local factors. Malaria programmes covering diverse transmission settings such as PNG must consider local heterogeneity when choosing interventions and ensure continuous monitoring of trends. The visualization of incidence trends and other information (net use and residence of patients) extracted from a routinely implemented surveillance system proved useful to inform local malaria control programs to better target interventions. The visualization approach added a geospatial component to health facility data in order to understand differences in malaria burden between villages and identify communities that would benefit from targeted interventions or investigations. However, a functional simple tool for calculating and mapping malaria case incidence at district or sub-district level (e.g. eNHIS or similar) is required to operationalize the approach, along with the capacity, policies, and mechanisms required to implement targeted response action at the respective operational level. The qualitative behavioural investigation identified seven behavioural groups (or demographic groups exhibiting similar behaviours) and highlighted the substantial amount of time spent outdoors or in non-secure structures when ‘indoors’ as a major risk of exposure. Between 4pm and 8am, all age groups in both study sites were likely to be exposed to mosquito bites across all types of activities; sleeping under a LLIN was the exception. Such findings highlight the potential of ‘outdoor biting’ to hamper malaria control and elimination efforts if not addressed appropriately since people spent a remarkable amount of time outdoors without protection from mosquito biting. Targeting groups, places and activities in order to prevent outdoor biting in the early hours of the evening and the morning seems crucial towards elimination. This work also reveals spatial heterogeneity in the prevalence distribution of malaria and LLIN use between study sites. Malaria prevalence in the Mugil area was 3.7 fold higher than in the Lemakot area. Interestingly, LLIN-use was 2.4 times higher in the Mugil area compared to the Lemakot area. Spatial heterogeneity of malaria was also observed at a village and households level. Prevalence between villages ranged from 0.8% to 19.5% and between households from 0% to 66.6%. In the Mugil area identified risk factor related to behavioural groups (adult women were at lower risk and school children at higher risk) and housing (screened windows and traditional houses were associated with lower exposure) while in the Lemakot area LLIN ownership was a predictor for infection. The identification of site-specific risk factors provides evidence to potentially inform complementary interventions in a local scale that target specific groups or areas. Heterogeneity of malaria trends was consistent throughout this work. The retrospective analysis and the cross-sectional malaria survey identified: i) heterogeneous effects of malaria interventions across the country, and ii) a heterogeneous distribution of malaria cases over space and time. The cross-sectional malaria survey highlighted varying prevalence between study sites and between neighbouring villages within sites. These findings emphasize the need for locally informed strategies toward improved control. Some communities could still benefit from improved LLIN ownership and use, whereas others might need to complement control with alternatives to LLINs. Targeted interventions in areas of higher transmission has been proposed by modelling and some field studies as opposed to untargeted community-based approaches, but the evidence comparing their effectiveness is scarce. Future research in PNG could address this gap and compare the effect of different control strategies that combine targeted and untargeted interventions. In addition, outdoor and earlier biting of Anopheles species has been identified as a threat to LLINs effectiveness in PNG and other settings. Studies in PNG have described a shift in mosquito biting to earlier hours following the first LLIN distribution (the peak exposure time to infective bites shifted from later than 9pm in 2008 to between 6 and 7 pm in 2011). Our results identified and increase in the number of cases in one site by 2014 despite consistently high LLIN ownership and use in the area. The behavioural investigation identified potential exposure to mosquito bites on the amount of time spent outdoors (when not asleep) or in non-protected structures. Therefore, it is possible that the reduced efficacy of LLINs in synergy with human behaviour and ACT stock outs led to the observed increase especially in places with historically high mosquito densities. During the course of this work, malaria elimination from PNG by 2030 became less likely than when it was originally envisioned in the National Malaria Strategic Plan 2014-2018. The resurgence in malaria is likely to worsen unless malaria control is re-intensified and maintained. Structuring programmes in response to evidence of the local malaria burden together with an analysis of transmission will enable adapting the strategy to the local context and optimize the use of resources. However a strong and functional surveillance & response system is needed to monitor the local burden and inform control efforts. Evidence in this study documented reasonable high LLIN ownership across study sites; however LLINs use can be improved in some areas. RDTs and ACTs were not always available in the health facilities therefore efforts need to be made to assure availability especially in areas with higher transmission. Since outdoor biting was consistently identified as an exposure risk and specific groups and areas at higher risk were also identified targeted complementary interventions could be explored and piloted in PNG. Further studies could address the current evidence gap on the effectiveness of targeted interventions

Estrategias y recursos para el desarrollo de la cultura cooperativa entre profesorado y profesionales de la educación social en primaria

En este artículo planteamos la necesidad de que el profesorado y los educadores y las educadoras sociales desarrollen acciones reflexivas conjuntas con el propósito de favorecer la implementación de procesos de intervención educativos cooperativos, y apoyados en estrategias de desarrollo profesional. Igualmente se consideran las posibilidades que ofrecen estrategias como la narrativa y el portafolio con el fin de favorecer la construcción del conocimiento profesional de un modo compartido. Entendemos que la relevancia de las estrategias de desarrollo profesional se constituye en recursos potenciadores de la (re)conceptualización de la práctica profesional y, por tal motivo, como un recurso de crecimiento profesional (y personal

Análisis del comportamiento del esfuerzo en una placa plana con agujeros circulares utilizados por elementos de sujeción, mediante el método de elementos finitos

A nivel industrial es recurrente el uso de placas planas sometidas a cargas de tracción con agujeros pasantes, los cuales son utilizados por elementos de sujeción como pernos, remaches u otros elementos cilíndricos para unir las placas a otros cuerpos. Estudios realizados previamente por [1], [2], [3], presentan el análisis bajo diferentes cargas con un solo agujero como elemento de soporte, pero se hace evidente la necesidad de profundizar el estudio en placas planas con dos agujeros. En este trabajo se determinará el comportamiento del esfuerzo por medio del método de elementos finitos en placas planas sujetas a tracción con perforaciones desde uno hasta dos agujeros circulares utilizados como soporte mediante elementos pasantes sin holgura. Se variarán algunos parámetros geométricos como la posición y el diámetro de los agujeros con el fin de obtener el valor del factor de concentración de esfuerzo en función de las relaciones geométricas presentes en la placa plana. El presente estudio se limitará a placas de acero ASTM A1011 por ser uno de los materiales más usados para la fabricación de perfiles y láminas en Colombia [4], con el fin de obtener resultados útiles para la industria Colombiana

The Media and intervention in Youth Offending: A Narrative Review

La delincuencia juvenil es una de las preocupaciones centrales para la comunidad, legisladores y políticos. Esto ha conllevado medidas severas y populistas, a pesar de las recomendaciones de la evidencia o los acuerdos internacionales. En este contexto, los medios de comunicación, como la principal fuente de información de la realidad nacional, juegan un rol clave. Sin embargo, las representaciones mediáticas no son un reflejo fiel de la realidad. Este artículo explora las representaciones mediáticas sobre delincuencia juvenil y su influencia sobre el público y la política. Asimismo, contrasta lo que promueven los medios con la investigación respecto a la forma de lidiar con este comportamiento. Finalmente, analiza las consecuencias de las representaciones mediáticas sobre la intervención con adolescentes infractores. Para ello, se realizó una revisión narrativa. El artículo concluye que las imágenes mediáticas de la delincuencia juvenil pueden tener un fuerte impacto en la comprensión respecto al tema. Esto puede limitar directamente la intervención, reduciendo su éxito y dañando procesos de desistencia. Se promueve futura investigación empírica con el fin de desarrollar estrategias de prevención y conciencia en la comunidad.     *****   Abstract   Youth offending has become a key concern  for  the community, policy makers and politicians. This has mostly translated in harsher populist measures, regardless of what evidence and international agreements say. In this context, the media, as the main source of information about national reality, plays a central role. However, media portrayals are not a faithful reflection of youth offending.This paper explores media portrayals about youth offending and their  influence  over  the  public  and  politics.  It  also contrasts the measures promoted by the media with what research  claims  should  be  the  way  of  addressing  this behaviour. It finally focuses on the consequences of media portrayals over intervention in youth offending. In order to do so, a narrative review of key research was conducted. The paper concludes that media images of youth offending can  have  a  strong  impact  on  citizens’  and  politicians’ understanding  of  the  phenomena.  This  may  directly  limit intervention  practice,  reducing  its  success  and  harming desistance processes. Further empirical research on the field is encouraged in order to develop strategies that promote prevention and community awareness.   Keywords: Youth  offending;  Media  influence; Desistance; Intervention

Revisión sistemática sobre la relación entre la salud mental y la actividad física en adultos durante la emergencia de Salud Pública por la Covid-19 en el año 2020

El 30 de enero de 2020 la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró el COVID-19 como una “emergencia de salud pública de interés internacional” y posteriormente el 11 de marzo de 2020 la declaró como una pandemia debido a su propagación internacional. Con el fin de evitar la propagación del virus se optaron por medidas de aislamiento social y confinamiento, las cuales pueden traer una serie de repercusiones a nivel de la salud mental, por lo tanto, se considera pertinente analizar la relación entre la salud mental y la actividad física en adultos durante la emergencia de salud pública por la COVID-19 en el año 2020. Con el fin de alcanzar el objetivo que orienta la investigación, se realizó una revisión sistemática de literatura de corte cualitativo enmarcada en la línea de investigación de la Psicología Clínica y de la Salud. Para llevar a cabo el cumplimiento de los objetivos se realizó una búsqueda rigurosa de artículos de acuerdo a unos criterios de inclusión y exclusión en bases de datos como Scopus, Scielo, ScienceDirect, Proquest y Dialnet. Para el análisis de la información se escogió una categorización inductiva o emergente en la cual se realiza una codificación abierta para generar categorías a partir de la exploración y descripción de los datos recolectados. Las conclusiones buscan aportar a la promoción de la salud mental desde el campo de la Psicología de la Salud, que se caracteriza por considerar al individuo desde un modelo biopsicosocial.Resumen. -- Planteamiento del problema. -- Justificación. -- Objetivos. -- Objetivo general. -- Objetivos específicos. -- Marco referencial. -- Salud mental. -- Actividad física. -- Emergencia de salud pública. -- Metodología. -- Fases de la investigación. -- Búsqueda en la bases de datos. -- Criterios de selección y exclusión. -- Análisis de datos. -- Resultados. -- Síntomas psicológicos. -- Factores de riesgo y de protección. -- Estilos de vida. -- Discusión. -- Conclusiones. -- Referencias

Traditional Medicinal Plants into New Traditions: A Botanical Study of Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum\textit{Ocimum tenuiflorum})

Traditionelle medizinische Pflanzen (TMP) wurden schon lange von Menschen für Gesundheitsanwendungen eingesetzt. Heutzutage werden einige TMP als „Superfood“ beworben. Allerdings ist es fraglich, ob TMP einfach als Lebensmittel angesehen werden können, weil manche TMP giftige Verbindungen beinhalten, z.B. Tulsi bzw. Heiliges Basilikum (Ocimum tenuiflorum). Diese TMP produziert das genotoxische Phenylpropanoid Methyleugenol (ME), synthetisiert aus dem Enzym Eugenol O-Methyltransferase (EOMT). Trotzdem wird es aktuell als „Superfood“ beworben. Zusätzlich besteht bei Tulsi die Gefahr Lebensmittelbetrug. Deswegen wurde Tulsi als Fallstudie ausgewählt. Die Ziele dieser Forschungsarbeit sind einerseits den Mechanismus besser zu verstehen, der die Biosynthese von ME reguliert und andererseits für das Problem des Lebensmittelbetrugs eineTechnik zur Identifikation der richtigen Tulsi Spezies mittels DNA-Barcoding zu entwickeln. Zur Erreichung des ersten Ziels wurden die genetische Variation des EOMT Enzyms, der Phenylpropanoid-Weg und die subzelluläre Lokalisierung von EOMT untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten Sequenzunterschiede der Nukleotidsequenz des EOMT Enzyms verschiedener Ocimum Arten innerhalb der Gattung. EOMT-basierte Phyolgenie erlaubte die Unterscheidung von zwei Gruppen, die erste benannt als Tulsi-Klade (O. tenuiflorum und O. gratissimum), die zweite benannt als Basilikum-Klade (O. basilicum, O. americanum, O. africanum und O. kilimandscharicum). Jedoch wurden Ähnlichkeiten gefunden zwischen den Sequenzen der Basilikum-Klade und ausschließlich O. gratissimum aus der Tulsi-Klade. Zusätzlich war O. gratissimum die einzige Art der Tulsi-Klade, die unter den verwendeten Wachstumsbedingungen kein ME produzierte, sowie ME auch von keiner der Arten der Basilikum-Klade produziert wurde. Deswegen wird die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Ähnlichkeiten der Aminosäuresequenz in der Basilikum-Klade und O. gratissimum aus der TulsiKlade relevant sind für die Synthese von ME in der Gattung Ocimum. Diese Ergebnisse deuten auf eine starke genetische Komponente, welche bei der Synthese von ME eine Rolle spielt. Dann wurde der Phenylpropanoid-Weg bei O. tenuiflorum durch hohe Dosierung von UV-B Strahlung als Stressfaktor untersucht. Zwei Chemotypen von O. tenuiflorum wurden verwendet, Krishna und Rama. Die genetische Ausprägung mehrerer Enzyme zeigten unterschiedliche Regulierungsmuster des Phenylpropanoid-Wegs zur Synthese von ME im Vergleich zwischen den zwei Chemotypen. Die vorgelagerten Reaktionen zu ME in Rama schienen stark von dem Enzym Kaffeesäure O-Methyltransferase reguliert zu sein. Wohingegen bei Krishna, das Enzym Caffeoyl-CoA O-Methyltransferase auch eine wichtige Rolle zu spielen schien. Zusätzlich scheint es, dass neben Phenylalanin auch Tyrosin ein relevanter erster Ausgangsstoff des Phenylpropanoid-Wegs sein kann in Ocimum Arten. Die subzelluläre Lokalisierung von EOMT wurde im Nukleus und dem Cytosol von transformierten BY-2 Zellen gezeigt. Die cytosolische Lokalisierung von EOMT entspricht der Lokalisierung anderer Komponenten des Phenylpropanoid-Wegs, mit Enzymen wie PAL und Eugenol-Synthase. Jedoch wurde die nukleäre Lokalisierung von EOMT in dieser Arbeit erstmalig gezeigt, sodass weitere Forschung dazu notwendig ist, um dieses Ergebnis zu verstehen. Das zweite Ziel war das Problem des Lebensmittelbetrugs durch DNA-Barcoding zu adressieren. DNABarcoding zur Identifikation von O. tenuiflorum in kommerziellen Proben wurde erreicht durch eine einstufige Technik mit einem merkmalsunabhängigen Marker (psbA-trnH igs) und mit einem merkmalsabhängigen Marker erreicht (EOMT’). Der letztgenannte basierte auf dem Enzym EOMT. Diese Untersuchungsmethode erlaubt die Unterscheidung von O. tenuiflorum von anderen Ocimum Arten in Referenzpflanzen und kommerziellen Proben. Insgesamt zeigte die Tulsi Fallstudie die Komplexität dabei eine spezifische TMP als Lebensmittel oder „Superfood“ zu erwägen. Darüber hinaus stellte diese Fallstudie den Forschungsbedarf heraus bei der Regulierung der Stoffwechselproduktsynthese in Pflanzen und DNA-Barcoding Techniken. Deswegen wird empfohlen mehr vorsorgliche Forschung durchzuführen, bevor eine TMP als Lebensmittel oder sogar als sogenanntes „Superfood“ betrachtet wird

Valores DIANGNOdent en Esmalte Temporal Acondicionado con Laser Er : YAG VS. Grabado Convencional

Se determinaron los valores DIAGNOdent en esmalte de dientes temporales acondicionados con láser Er:YAG vs. grabado convencional.El acondicionamiento de tejidos dentales es un paso fundamental para el éxito de las restauraciones estéticas, en la actualidad no solo es posible acondicionar el esmalte con ácido fosfórico, recientemente y con el desarrollo de la tecnología láser otra opción es la aplicación del láser. Por lo que el objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar los valores DIAGNOdent en esmalte de dientes temporales acondicionados con láser Er:YAG vs. grabado convencional.Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Méxic

Unidad médico/paciente

Después de los respectivos saludos y comentarios sobre los sucesos  relevantes de la semana, comenzamos con las actividades programadas para la  sesión del día de hoy, en la clase de Medicina Narrativa. Según las indicaciones  de  la profesora, debíamos escribir sobre una experiencia personal o familiar relacionada con la medicina o la salud en general.Mientras observo cómo mis compañeros se encorvan en sus asientos, aprietan fuertemente sus lapiceros y comienzan a escribir con empeño en torno a la nueva tarea, mi mente vuela muy lejos. Este fin de semana mis papás estuvieron conmigo, pasamos juntos cada segundo del sábado y el domingo, después de varias semanas de solo hablar por teléfono

Design and implementation of a passivity-based controller to regulate the power flow in a DAB of a SST

The SST is one of the determining elements of the smart grid since it has the functionalities of a conventional transformer and allows an appropriate integration of distributed generation sources, loads, and energy storage devices with the traditional power grid.The interest in updating electrical networks and the possibility of having power semiconductor devices with better features (e.g., reliability and efficiency) have encouraged the production of elements, such as a Solid-State Transformer (SST). The SST is one of the determining elements of the smart grid since it has the functionalities of a conventional transformer and allows an appropriate integration of distributed generation sources, loads, and energy storage devices with the traditional power grid, in addition to having system functionality advantages such as unity power factor, mitigation of sags and swells, improving system efficiency and quality, and allowing a bidirectional flow of power. For this reason, the SST could replace the traditional transformer, considering the advantages it offers functional and physicals (less weight and volume). The intelligent energy management of an SST in a smart grid is feasible through the regulation of the power flow in its central device so-called Dual Active Bridge (DAB), which due to its topology (two half-bridge and a high-frequency link) make possible the bidirectionally on the power flow and permit the interconnection of renewable sources and other elements dc into a smart grid, and that in this way the advantages of SST can be made available within a power system. Hence, this work focuses on proposing a current controller based on Proportional-Integral (PI) passivity that regulates the power flow bidirectionally in a DAB. The proposed controller guarantees the system’s stability in a closed-loop, maintaining its passive properties. In addition, this controller preserves the simplicity of a PI control with high performance and robustness, where its control law is simple and does not depend on the converter’s parametersMaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería EléctricaTable of Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Definition of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2 Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.1 Overall objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.2 Specific objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 Document structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Dynamical Model of a DAB 14 2.1 DAB Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 DAB Model as a Port-Hamiltonian System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3 PI Passivity-Based Control 18 3.1 Port-Hamiltonian Passive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.2 PI-PBC Controller Design and Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3 DAB Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4 Simulations and Experimental Results 22 5 Conclusions 37 6 Appendices 43 6.1 Appendix A. Gate drivers schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.2 Appendix B. Voltage signal conditioning circuit. . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.3 Appendix C. Current signal conditioning circuit. . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.4 Appendix D. PI-PBC control diagram for DAB converter and C2000 processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.5 Appendix E. Classical PI control diagram for DAB converter and C2000 processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Design and implementation of a passivity-based controller to regulate the power flow in a DAB of a SST

The SST is one of the determining elements of the smart grid since it has the functionalities of a conventional transformer and allows an appropriate integration of distributed generation sources, loads, and energy storage devices with the traditional power grid.The interest in updating electrical networks and the possibility of having power semiconductor devices with better features (e.g., reliability and efficiency) have encouraged the production of elements, such as a Solid-State Transformer (SST). The SST is one of the determining elements of the smart grid since it has the functionalities of a conventional transformer and allows an appropriate integration of distributed generation sources, loads, and energy storage devices with the traditional power grid, in addition to having system functionality advantages such as unity power factor, mitigation of sags and swells, improving system efficiency and quality, and allowing a bidirectional flow of power. For this reason, the SST could replace the traditional transformer, considering the advantages it offers functional and physicals (less weight and volume). The intelligent energy management of an SST in a smart grid is feasible through the regulation of the power flow in its central device so-called Dual Active Bridge (DAB), which due to its topology (two half-bridge and a high-frequency link) make possible the bidirectionally on the power flow and permit the interconnection of renewable sources and other elements dc into a smart grid, and that in this way the advantages of SST can be made available within a power system. Hence, this work focuses on proposing a current controller based on Proportional-Integral (PI) passivity that regulates the power flow bidirectionally in a DAB. The proposed controller guarantees the system’s stability in a closed-loop, maintaining its passive properties. In addition, this controller preserves the simplicity of a PI control with high performance and robustness, where its control law is simple and does not depend on the converter’s parametersMaestríaMagíster en Ingeniería EléctricaTable of Contents 1 Introduction 7 1.1 Definition of the Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2 Justification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3 Research Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.1 Overall objective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.3.2 Specific objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 1.4 Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 1.5 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.6 Document structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2 Dynamical Model of a DAB 14 2.1 DAB Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.2 DAB Model as a Port-Hamiltonian System . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3 PI Passivity-Based Control 18 3.1 Port-Hamiltonian Passive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 3.2 PI-PBC Controller Design and Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . 19 3.3 DAB Controller Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4 Simulations and Experimental Results 22 5 Conclusions 37 6 Appendices 43 6.1 Appendix A. Gate drivers schematic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 6.2 Appendix B. Voltage signal conditioning circuit. . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.3 Appendix C. Current signal conditioning circuit. . . . . . . . . . . 44 6.4 Appendix D. PI-PBC control diagram for DAB converter and C2000 processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 6.5 Appendix E. Classical PI control diagram for DAB converter and C2000 processor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4