Tasa de infección de la pudrición del tallo en maíz causada por Fusarium moniliforme

Tasa de infección de la pudrición del tallo en maíz causada por Fusarium moniliforme. El objetivo de éste trabajo fue determinar la resistencia horizontal de 134 líneas S1 de maíz al hongo Fusarium moniliforme. La enfermedad fue inducida mediante inoculación en la etapa de floración masculina bajo condiciones de campo utilizando la técnica del palillo. Las líneas se evaluaron en México en 2002. La estimación de la enfermedad se hizo en dos ocasiones con una separación de 20 días. Las evaluaciones mostraron que las líneas Roque-801, 804, 1103 y 1405 fueron resistentes en la primera evaluación. Las tasas de incremento de la enfermedad variaron de 0,01 a 0,229 por unidad por día. Las líneas mostraron bajos niveles de enfermedad de 0 a 1 % en la primera evaluación. En la segunda evaluación, los niveles de enfermedad variaron de 49 a 100 %. En un programa de mejoramiento genético estas líneas pueden ser utilizadas para mejorar la resistencia horizontal del maíz a la pudrición del tallo causada por Fusarium moniliforme

Morphological diversity of native maize (Zea mays L.) populations in the state of Tabasco, Mexico

En México, los agricultores conservan maíces nativos o criollos (Zea mays L.). En este estudio se caracterizó y clasificó la variabilidad morfológica de 71 colectas de maíces criollos del estado de Tabasco, México. Las colectas se sembraron en el ciclo primavera-verano 2011, en el Campo Agrícola Experimental de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluaron 17 variables morfológicas de planta, mazorca, olote (marlo) y grano; se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en 14 de las 17 variables, el análisis de Componentes Principales (CP) determinó que los primeros tres CP explican el 92,3% de la variación, aportando la mayor variabilidad las variables peso de mazorca, peso de marlo y días a floración femenina. El análisis de conglomerados, detectó diversidad en las colectas, lo que permitió clasificarlas en cuatro grupos a 1,15 unidades de una distancia máxima de 1,40 unidades. Por sus características morfológicas el 85,9% de las colectas se relaciona con la raza Tuxpeño.Traditional farmers keep native or criollo maize (Zea mays L.) in Mexico. The morphological variability of 71 accessions of native maize of the state of Tabasco, Mexico was assessed. Accessions were planted in the 2011 spring-summer cycle in the experimental field of the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, in a completely randomized block design and four replicates. Seventeen morphological characters for plant, ear, cob and grain were evaluated. Significant differences were found in 14 of the 17 characters. A principal components analysis established that 92.3% of the variation was explained by the first three principal components, with the characters ear weight, cob weight and days to female flowering providing the greatest values for diversity. A cluster analysis showed genetic diversity among the accessions, with four groups at a distance of 1.15 units at maximum distance from 1.40 units, following the morphological characteristics of Tuxpeño race was in the 85.9% of the evaluated accessions.Fil: Guillén de la Cruz, Pedro.Fil: De la Cruz Lázaro, Efraín. Tabasco (México). Universidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoFil: Rodríguez Herrera, Sergio A..Fil: Castañón Nájera, Guillermo. Tabasco (México). Universidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoFil: Gómez Vázquez, Armando. Tabasco (México). Universidad Juárez Autónoma de TabascoFil: Lozano del Río, Alejandro J.

General Microbiota of the Soft Tick Ornithodoros turicata Parasitizing the Bolson Tortoise (Gopherus flavomarginatus) in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve, Mexico

The general bacterial microbiota of the soft tick Ornithodoros turicata found on Bolson tortoises (Gopherus flavomarginatus) were analyzed using next generation sequencing. The main aims of the study were to establish the relative abundance of bacterial taxa in the tick, and to document the presence of potentially pathogenic species for this tortoise, other animals, and humans. The study was carried-out in the Mapimi Biosphere Reserve in the northern-arid part of Mexico. Bolson tortoises (n = 45) were inspected for the presence of soft ticks, from which 11 tortoises (24.4%) had ticks in low loads (1–3 ticks per individual). Tick pools (five adult ticks each) were analyzed through 16S rRNA V3–V4 region amplification in a MiSeq Illumina, using EzBioCloud as a taxonomical reference. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) revealed 28 phyla, 84 classes, 165 orders, 342 families, 1013 genera, and 1326 species. The high number of taxa registered for O. turicata may be the result of the variety of hosts that this tick parasitizes as they live inside G. flavomarginatus burrows. While the most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, the most abundant species were two endosymbionts of ticks (Midichloria-like and Coxiella-like). Two bacteria documented as pathogenic to Gopherus spp. were registered (Mycoplasma spp. and Pasteurella testudinis). The bovine and ovine tick-borne pathogens A. marginale and A. ovis, respectively, were recorded, as well as the zoonotic bacteria A. phagocytophilum,Coxiella burnetii, and Neoehrlichia sp. Tortoises parasitized with O. turicata did not show evident signs of disease, which could indicate a possible ecological role as a reservoir that has yet to be demonstrated. In fact, the defense mechanisms of this tortoise against the microorganisms transmitted by ticks during their feeding process are still unknown. Future studies on soft ticks should expand our knowledge about what components of the microbiota are notable across multiple host–microbe dynamics. Likewise, studies are required to better understand the host competence of this tortoise, considered the largest terrestrial reptile in North America distributed throughout the Chihuahuan Desert since the late Pleistocene

Aplicación de MATLAB® al diseño de mecanismos

En este artículo se presenta la aplicación informática DISMEC desarrollada en el entorno MATLAB® para el diseño cinemático de mecanismos. Esta aplicación es un complemento docente en la asignatura de Cinemática y Dinámica de Máquinas impartida en el plan de estudios de Ingeniero Industrial. El alumno puede seleccionar un mecanismo de la librería predefinida y definir la geometría y los parámetros de entrada del mismo. Después puede realizar tanto el análisis cinemático como la síntesis de generación de trayectorias de un punto del mismo. Los resultados se muestran de una forma gráfica y mediante animaciones se consigue simular el movimiento real que tendría el mecanismo. Se pretenden conseguir de esta manera dos objetivos fundamentales: (i) que los alumnos que se inician en el estudio de la Cinemática de Mecanismos cuenten con una herramienta sencilla de utilizar para realizar sus primeras simulaciones numéricas y (ii) transmitir al alumnado de grado de forma eficiente y cercana el conocimiento generado por las investigaciones en síntesis cinemática del Grupo de Ingeniería Mecánica de la Universidad de Cantabria

Diversidad morfológica de poblaciones de maíces nativos (Zea mays L.) del estado de Tabasco, México

Traditional farmers keep native or criollo maize (Zea mays L.) in Mexico. The morphological variability of 71 accessions of native maize of the state of Tabasco, Mexico was assessed. Accessions were planted in the 2011 spring-summer cycle in the experimental field of the Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, in a completely randomized block design and four replicates. Seventeen morphological characters for plant, ear, cob and grain were evaluated. Significant differences were found in 14 of the 17 characters. A principal components analysis established that 92.3% of the variation was explained by the first three principal components, with the characters ear weight, cob weight and days to female flowering providing the greatest values for diversity. A cluster analysis showed genetic diversity among the accessions, with four groups at a distance of 1.15 units at maximum distance from 1.40 units, following the morphological characteristics of Tuxpeño race was in the 85.9% of the evaluated accessions.En México, los agricultores conservan maíces nativos o criollos (Zea mays L.). En este estudio se caracterizó y clasificó la variabilidad morfológica de 71 colectas de maíces criollos del estado de Tabasco, México. Las colectas se sembraron en el ciclo primavera-verano 2011, en el Campo Agrícola Experimental de la Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco, bajo un diseño de bloques completos al azar con cuatro repeticiones. Se evaluaron 17 variables morfológicas de planta, mazorca, olote (marlo) y grano; se encontraron diferencias estadísticas en 14 de las 17 variables, el análisis de Componentes Principales (CP) determinó que los primeros tres CP explican el 92,3% de la variación, aportando la mayor variabilidad las variables peso de mazorca, peso de marlo y días a floración femenina. El análisis de conglomerados, detectó diversidad en las colectas, lo que permitió clasificarlas en cuatro grupos a 1,15 unidades de una distancia máxima de 1,40 unidades. Por sus características morfológicas el 85,9% de las colectas se relaciona con la raza Tuxpeño

Resveratrol-Based MTDLs to Stimulate Defensive and Regenerative Pathways and Block Early Events in Neurodegenerative Cascades

By replacing a phenolic ring of (E)-resveratrol with an 1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one heterocycle, new resveratrol-based multi- target-directed ligands (MTDLs) were obtained. They were evaluated in several assays related to oxidative stress and inflammation (monoamine oxidases, nuclear erythroid 2-related factor, quinone reductase-2, and oxygen radical trapping) and then in experiments of increasing complexity (neurogenic properties and neuroprotection vs okadaic acid). 5-[(E)-2-(4-Methoxyphenyl)ethenyl]-3-(prop-2-yn-1- yl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2(3H)-one (4e) showed a well-balanced MTDL profile: cellular activation of the NRF2-ARE pathway (CD = 9.83 μM), selective inhibition of both hMAO-B and QR2 (IC50s = 8.05 and 0.57 μM), and the best ability to promote hippocampal neurogenesis. It showed a good drug-like profile (positive in vitro central nervous system permeability, good physiological solubility, no glutathione conjugation, and lack of PAINS or Lipinski alerts) and exerted neuroprotective and antioxidant actions in both acute and chronic Alzheimer models using hippocampal tissues. Thus, 4e is an interesting MTDL that could stimulate defensive and regenerative pathways and block early events in neurodegenerative cascades.The authors gratefully acknowledge the following financial supports: the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities; Spanish Research Agency; European Regional Development Funds (grants RTI2018-093955-B-C21, SAF2015-64948-C2-1-R, and PID2021-122650OB-I00 to M.I.R.-F.; RTI2018-095793-B-I00 to M.G.L.); Spanish Na- tional Research Council (CSIC grants, PIE-202080E118 to M.I.R.-F. and PIE-202080I026 to R.L.); Health Institute Carlos III (grant PI17/01700 to R.L.); and General Council for Research and Innovation of the Community of Madrid and European Structural Funds (grant B2017/BMD-3827- NRF24ADCM). They thank the Ministry of Education of Spain for the following fellowships: FPU16/01704 and mobility grant FPUEST17/00233 (to C.H.-A.), FPU15/ 03269 (to C.F.-M.), FPU18/00630 (to E.d.S.), and FPU13/ 03737 (to P.M.). R.L. and M.G.L. also thank “Fundación Teófilo Hernando” for its continued support. The Spanish Medicinal Chemistry Society (SEQT) awarded the “Lilly Prize for Young Researchers” to this work, presented by C.H.-A. at the XIX SEQT Awards.Peer reviewe

The Expanded mtDNA Phylogeny of the Franco-Cantabrian Region Upholds the Pre-Neolithic Genetic Substrate of Basques

The European genetic landscape has been shaped by several human migrations occurred since Paleolithic times. The accumulation of archaeological records and the concordance of different lines of genetic evidence during the last two decades have triggered an interesting debate concerning the role of ancient settlers from the Franco-Cantabrian region in the postglacial resettlement of Europe. Among the Franco-Cantabrian populations, Basques are regarded as one of the oldest and more intriguing human groups of Europe. Recent data on complete mitochondrial DNA genomes focused on macrohaplogroup R0 revealed that Basques harbor some autochthonous lineages, suggesting a genetic continuity since pre-Neolithic times. However, excluding haplogroup H, the most representative lineage of macrohaplogroup R0, the majority of maternal lineages of this area remains virtually unexplored, so that further refinement of the mtDNA phylogeny based on analyses at the highest level of resolution is crucial for a better understanding of the European prehistory. We thus explored the maternal ancestry of 548 autochthonous individuals from various Franco-Cantabrian populations and sequenced 76 mitogenomes of the most representative lineages. Interestingly, we identified three mtDNA haplogroups, U5b1f, J1c5c1 and V22, that proved to be representative of Franco-Cantabria, notably of the Basque population. The seclusion and diversity of these female genetic lineages support a local origin in the Franco-Cantabrian area during the Mesolithic of southwestern Europe, ∼10,000 years before present (YBP), with signals of expansions at ∼3,500 YBP. These findings provide robust evidence of a partial genetic continuity between contemporary autochthonous populations from the Franco-Cantabrian region, specifically the Basques, and Paleolithic/Mesolithic hunter-gatherer groups. Furthermore, our results raise the current proportion (≈15%) of the Franco-Cantabrian maternal gene pool with a putative pre-Neolithic origin to ≈35%, further supporting the notion of a predominant Paleolithic genetic substrate in extant European populations

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

La convivencia en los centros educativos de educación básica en Iberoamérica

La presente aportación recoge la visión de 46 especialistas de quince países iberoamericanos sobre las formas de entender y promover la convivencia escolar en los centros educativos de los distintos países. Sus aportaciones son un conjunto de descripciones, experiencias y valoraciones significativas y en relación al contexto considerado. Las aportaciones no buscan tanto radiografiar la temática a nivel teórico como presentar lo más significativo de cada realidad y las propuestas que, al respecto, se realizan. La orientación es claramente organizativa, si consideramos que una parte común de todas las aportaciones tiene que ver con las políticas de convivencia escolar, programas aplicados, aspectos organizativos a nivel de institución, experiencias significativas y retos para la mejora. Se cubre así y de nuevo un propósito fundamental de la Red AGE, como es el de fomentar el intercambio de experiencias, la promoción del conocimiento sobre administración y gestión educativa y la reflexión sobre la práctica de la gestión. La finalidad última es la de mejorar el funcionamiento de los centros educativos (y, a través de ellos, de los sistemas educativos), procurando sean de calidad y un instrumento para el cambio profesional y social