Poverty and the business cycle: The role of the intra-household distribution of unemployment

Conventional wisdom predicts that changes in the aggregate unemployment rate may significantly affect a country’s income distribution and, as a consequence, have a relevant impact on the evolution of the poverty rate. However, the relationship between labour macroeconomic indicators and poverty seems to have become weaker in recent times. Using panel data on unemployment and poverty for Spanish regions we estimate a System GMM model in order to model this relationship taking into account that the intrahousehold distribution of unemployment can be more relevant than aggregate unemployment in order to explain poverty changes. We also test the hypothesis of asymmetric effects of the business cycle on the share of poor individuals in the population. Our results show that unemployment has a positive impact on severe poverty, while inflation has a negative effect. Among the three unemployment measures considered in order to predict poverty, the percentage of households where all active members are unemployed registers the highest explanatory power. We also find that a change in unemployment has a larger effect on poverty during a period of economic recession than during a period of expansion.poverty forecasting, unemployment, system GMM model

El alojamiento previsto para temporeros gestionado por el sindicato agrícola unión de pagesos. Infraestructura para la disciplina y el suministro de trabajadores

El éxito de implantación del sistema de importación y suministro de trabajadores contratados en origen - implementado por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos- ha precisado la instauración de una red de alojamientos prevista a la concentración de mano de obra. Su descripción, y el establecimiento de tipologías que sirven al análisis de estos lugares, se han realizado con el ánimo de mostrar una realidad velada por el discurso filantrópico del sindicato. Dispositivo de poder dispuesto a la doma del sujeto -merced la normativización del espacio y la presencia de personal encargado- por el mismo se pretende la creación de una corriente de fuerza de trabajo por la que la gestión fordista de los hombres se efectúa. Su estudio manifiesta la tradicional forma de alojar al temporero agrícola, únicamente superada en cuanto configurado un nuevo estatuto jurídico, el del trabajador contratado en origen para la realización de faenas de recolección.The successful implementation of the system of import and supply of workers recruited in their home countries by the agricultural union Unió de Pagesos, has demanded the establishment of a network of lodgments provided for the concentration of labor. Its description and the establishment of typologies for its analysis have been made in order of showing its reality, usually obscured by the union's philanthropic discourse. A device of power, intended to tame the subject through the regulation of space and the presence of personnel in charge, its aim is to create a current of labor which is managed in a Fordist fashion. Its study shows that the traditional way to accommodate labor in agriculture is only surpassed in order to create a new legal status of worker, which is recruited in his home country to perform harvesting crops

The lodgment provided for seasonal workers managed by the agricultural union Unió de Pagesos. An infrastructure for discipline and labor supply

El éxito de implantación del sistema de importación y suministro de trabajadores contratados en origen — implementado por el sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos— ha precisado la instauración de una red de alojamientos prevista a la concentración de mano de obra. Su descripción, y el establecimiento de tipologías que sirven al análisis de estos lugares, se han realizado con el ánimo de mostrar una realidad velada por el discurso filantrópico del sindicato. Dispositivo de poder dispuesto a la doma del sujeto —merced la normativización del espacio y la presencia de personal encargado— por el mismo se pretende la creación de una corriente de fuerza de trabajo por la que la gestión fordista de los hombres se efectúa. Su estudio manifiesta la tradicional forma de alojar al temporero agrícola, únicamente superada en cuanto configurado un nuevo estatuto jurídico, el del trabajador contratado en origen para la realización de faenas de recolección.The successful implementation of the system of import and supply of workers recruited in their home countries by the agricultural union Unió de Pagesos, has demanded the establishment of a network of lodgments provided for the concentration of labor. Its description and the establishment of typologies for its analysis have been made in order of showing its reality, usually obscured by the union's philanthropic discourse. A device of power, intended to tame the subject through the regulation of space and the presence of personnel in charge, its aim is to create a current of labor which is managed in a Fordist fashion. Its study shows that the traditional way to accommodate labor in agriculture is only surpassed in order to create a new legal status of worker, which is recruited in his home country to perform harvesting crops

Philanthropy and assistentialism: Formulas to legitimize temporary worker programs of foreign agricultural workers in Catalonia

En el presente trabajo abordamos críticamente el papel que ha jugado la principal organización empresarial catalana, Unió de Pagesos (UP), como gestora de proyectos asistencialistas en Cataluña y de codesarrollo en Colombia, establecidos al alero de las contrataciones en origen de temporeros agrícolas. Desde el establecimiento de las primeras contrataciones colectivas de trabajadores en origen en Cataluña, UP ha desarrollado y perfeccionado un modelo de corte filantrópico basado en la asistencia social en destino y la generación de programas de codesarrollo en origen, que sirve al propósito de la legitimación de su sistema de suministro de mano de obra. Ha sido gracias a su fundación Agricultores Solidarios que este modelo filantrópico asistencialista se ha desarrollado tanto en lo que a los proyectos de formación y asistencia social se refiere, como en lo tocante a los cursos de formación de agentes de codesarrollo y a la implementación de los proyectos de codesarrollo. La realización del trabajo de campo nos proporciona material para la interpretación de estos programas asistencialistas, como proyectos de disciplina social útiles a la legitimación del sistema de reclutamiento e importación de mano de obraThis paper studies the role played by the main Catalonian agricultural business organization –Unió de Pagesos- in the management of assistance based projects in Catalonia and codevelopment projects in Colombia, and set in the framework of temporary agricultural worker programs. Since the first import of workers to Catalonia, Unió de Pagesos has developed and attuned a model that seeks to legitimize a system of importation and supply of workers, which is based on relief-aid and co-development programs in the name of philanthropy. It is by way of the Farmers Solidarity foundation that the philanthropic model has been developed in three different areas: in training projects and social work, the training of codevelopment agents and the implementation of co-development projects. The fulfillment of the fieldwork provides us with material for an understanding of these assistance programs as social discipline projects, which are useful for the legitimization of the recruitment and importation of labou

Implementation of user-centred design methods for developing accessibility features in a video game

Treball final de Grau en Disseny i Desenvolupament de Videojocs. Codi: VJ1241. Curs acadèmic: 2020/2021This document represents the Final Degree Project report of Olga Montero Rodriguez in Video Game Design and Development. The project consists of developing accessibility features for a platform video game using user-centred design methodology. This design method aims to include users with disabilities in the design process to be able to develop a final prototype that reaches their expectations

Formación emprendedora de la facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ) 2015-2018

In this article we present the experience of Entrepreneurial Training of the Facultyof Chemical Engineering (FIQ) 2015-2018 is presented, which had as purpose to develop skills, talents and entrepreneurial attitudes in the students, faculty and administrative staff of the faculty to contribute to its growth personal and professional. The process began in September 2015 and since then three generations have been trained, with a total of 152 participants, of which: 12 teachers, 6 administrative employees, 124 students from first to fifth year of the Chemical Engineering career and graduates of the FIQ, as well as 10 students participating in other UNI careers, stories such as industrial, mechanical, agricultural, civil and architectural engineering. Taking place in March 2018, the first Graduation of Entrepreneurs in which 32 certificates of approval of the Entrepreneurial Training course and Design of Business Plans were delivered, with the presentation of 11 completed business plans.En este artículo se presenta la experiencia de Formación Emprendedora de la Facultad de Ingeniería Química (FIQ) 2015-2018, que tuvo como propósito desarrollar habilidades, talentos y actitudes emprendedoras en los estudiantes, personal docente y administrativo de la facultad para contribuir a su crecimiento personal y profesional. El proceso inició en septiembre del año 2015 y desde entonces se han formado tres generaciones, capacitando a un total de 152 participantes de los cuales: 12 han sido docentes, 6 participantes del personal administrativo, 124 estudiantes de primer a quinto año de la carrera de ingeniería química y egresados de la FIQ, así como 10 estudiantes que pertenecen a otras carreras de UNI, tales como, ingeniería Industrial, mecánica, agrícola, civil y arquitectura. Realizándose en marzo de 2018, la primer Graduación de Emprendedores en la cual se entregaron 32 diplomas de aprobación del curso Formación Emprendedora y Diseño de Planes de Negocios, con la presentación de 11 planes de negocios concluidos

Exploitation of Solanum chilense and Solanum peruvianum in tomato breeding for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl disease

Among viral diseases affecting cultivated tomato, Tomato yellow leaf curl disease (TYLCD) is one of the most devastating. This disease is caused by a complex of viruses of which Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) is regarded as the most important species. Current control strategies to fight viral diseases in tomato are mainly based on genetic resistance derived from wild relatives. In the present thesis, resistance derived from S. chilense and S. peruvianum has been exploited in breeding for resistance to TYLCD. In a previous study, TYLCV-resistant breeding lines derived from LA1932, LA1960 and LA1971 S. chilense accessions were developed. Therefore, the first objective of this thesis was to study the genetic control of the resistance derived from these accessions. With this aim, response to viral infection was assayed in segregating generations derived from the aforementioned resistant lines. The results obtained were compatible with a monogenic control of resistance. Resistance levels were higher in LA1960- and LA1971-derived F2 generations, as shown by slighter symptoms in the resistant plants and a higher number of asymptomatic plants compared with the results obtained in the LA1932-derived F2 generation. It is noteworthy that the level of resistance present in our materials is comparable to or even higher than the levels found in tomato lines homozygous for Ty-1. The response in plants heterozygous for the resistance gene was comparable to the response in homozygous plants for all three sources employed. This implies that the resistance genes derived from all three sources seem to be almost completely dominant. This effect was stronger for LA1971-derived resistance. The results were similar when comparing viral accumulation, as was expected, since a positive correlation was found in these families between viral accumulation and symptom scores. This has important implications in breeding, since the resistance will be used mostly for hybrid development. Our second objective was to map the loci associated with the major resistance genes identified. A total of 263 markers were screened, 94 of them being polymorphic between both species. Recombinant analysis allowed the resistance loci to be localized on chromosome 6, in a marker interval of 25 cM. This interval includes the Ty-1/Ty-3 region, where two S. chilense-derived TYLCD resistance loci were previously mapped. In order to test if the resistance genes identified in our populations were allelic to Ty-1 and Ty-3, further fine mapping was carried out. A total of 13 additional molecular markers distributed on chromosome 6 allowed 66 recombinants to be identified, and the resistance region to be shortened to a marker interval of approximately 950 kb, which overlaps with the Ty-1/Ty-3 region described previously by other authors. Therefore, the results obtained indicate that closely linked genes or alleles of the same gene govern TYLCV resistance in several S. chilense accessions. The third objective of the present thesis was to start the construction of a set of introgression lines (ILs) derived from Solanum peruvianum accession PI 126944 into the cultivated tomato genetic background. Once this collection of ILs is developed, it will represent a powerful tool for exploiting the resistance to different pathogens found in this particular accession in addition to other possible characters of interest. The starting plant material consisted of several segregating generations that were derived from two interspecific hybrids previously obtained by our group. Many crosses and embryo rescue were required to obtain subsequent generations due to the high sexual incompatibility that exists between tomato and PI 126944. Several mature fruits from the most advanced generations produced a few viable seeds, although embryo rescue was also employed to obtain progeny. As only a few plants were obtained by direct backcrossing, additional crosses were made in order to increase the number of descendants. A high degree of incompatibility was also found in crosses between sib plants. A total of 263 molecular markers were tested in some generations, 105 being polymorphic between tomato and PI 126944. Available generations were genotyped with these polymorphic markers in order to determine which alleles of S. peruvianum were already introgressed. On average, 79, 78 and 84 % of the S. peruvianum genome was represented in the pseudo-F2, pseudo-F4 and pseudo-F5 generations, respectively, for the markers analyzed. A reduction in the S. peruvianum genome was observed in more advanced generations, such as BC1 (56 %), pseudo-F2-BC1 (60 %) and pseudo-F3-BC1 (70 %). A greater reduction was observed in the pseudo-F3-BC2 generation (33 %). As a consequence of the reduction in the S. peruvianum genome, a loss of incompatibility was observed in some cases. The S. peruvianum genome was almost completely represented among the different plants of the most advanced generations. An evaluation for resistance to TYLCD and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was carried out in some of the advanced generations, some of which were resistant to one or both viruses. In conclusion, we have conducted a successful and deeper exploitation of two wild species with proved resistance to TYLCD, S. chilense and S. peruvianum, identifying and fine mapping new genes of resistance.Julián Rodríguez, O. (2014). Exploitation of Solanum chilense and Solanum peruvianum in tomato breeding for resistance to Tomato yellow leaf curl disease [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/36867TESI

Impact of the economic cycle on deaths by suicide

[Resumen]: Las muertes por suicidio son una de las peores consecuencias en la que desembocan muchos problemas de salud mental. Además, las crisis económicas tienen efectos negativos en la salud mental de las personas, pudiendo destacar la pérdida de empleo como un elemento clave. Es por ello por lo que en este trabajo se decidió investigar cómo influyen algunas variables del ciclo económico y otras variables de control en la tasa de muertes por suicidio. Para ello, se han recopilado datos a nivel de las regiones NUTS 2 europeas de la base de datos del Eurostat y se han seleccionado los datos del año 2017 para posteriormente hacer un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. Mientras que las variables de la esperanza de vida y la renta disponible están acordes con la literatura previa, mostrando una relación inversa con la tasa de muertes por suicidio, ya que cuando aumentan esta se reduce, las variables de la tasa de fertilidad y desempleo, muestran una relación diferente a la de investigaciones previas, teniendo en nuestro estudio el desempleo una relación inversa y la tasa de fertilidad una relación directa. No obstante, las muertes por suicidio demuestran que se incrementan en periodos de crisis económicas y, por ello, al final se hacen unas recomendaciones como pueden ser mejorar las políticas de empleo, los sistemas de salud mental, o la realización de cursos de prevención de suicidios, entre otros, para tratar de mejorar este problema que tiene un desenlace irremediable.[Abstract]: Deaths by suicide are one of the worst consequences of many mental health problems. Moreover, economic crises have negative effects on people's mental health, with loss of employment being a key element. This is why in this work we decided to investigate how some variables of the economic cycle and other control variables influence the rate of suicide deaths. For this purpose, we collected data at the level of European NUTS 2 regions from the Eurostat database and selected data for the year 2017 to subsequently make a multiple linear regression model. While the variables of life expectancy and disposable income agree with previous literature, showing an inverse relationship with the rate of suicide deaths, since when they increase this is reduced, the variables of fertility rate and unemployment, show a different relationship to that of previous studies, having in our study unemployment an inverse relationship and fertility rate a direct relationship. However, deaths by suicide show that they increase in periods of economic crisis and, therefore, at the end, recommendations are made such as improving employment policies, mental health systems, or the implementation of suicide preventive policies, among others, to try to improve this problem that has an irremediable outcome.Traballo fin de grao (UDC.ECO). Economía. Curso 2022/202

Reterritorializando o fluxo de mão de obra estrangeira: o nascimento de uma instituição total nova na agricultura catalã

The agricultural union Unió de Pagesos has established on Catalan soil a system designed for the social control and the permanent disposition of foreign workers. The State's migration polity is responsible of the emergence of such a system, and we can trace its origin in the symbiotic relation between the State and the union, whose interests —the social control of the foreign worker and the just in time delivery of labor— are harmonized in it. In the lodgment a transformation is intended through different devices (lodgment regulations, the presence of personnel in charge, a visit regime and exit permissions, among others). Its particular penitentiary character and its tendency to totalize the social life inside, resembles what Erving Goffman called Total Institutions. The footprint of this new institution is its liminality, characteristic of this space devoted to the concentration of men and their transformation.El sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos ha instaurado en el agro catalán un sistema diseñado para el control social del extranjero y la disposición permanente de trabajadores. La política migratoria española ha sido responsable de la emergencia de un sistema tal, del que es posible trazar su origen a través del estudio de los intereses que convergen en su instauración, esto es el control social de los extranjeros y el suministro just in time de temporeros. En el alojamiento se pretende la docilización de los hombres a través de diversos dispositivos (normativa, presencia de personal encargado, regímenes de visita y permisos de salida). Su carácter penitenciario y su tendencia totalizadora, nos lleva a la comparación de estos establecimientos con lo que Erving Goffman denominó Institución Total. La marca de esta nueva institución es su liminalidad, característica de un espacio dedicado a la concentración de los hombres y a su transformación.O sindicato agrícola Unió de Pagesos instaurou no agro catalão um sistema desenhado para o controle social do estrangeiro e a disposição permanente dos trabalhadores. A política migratória espanhola foi a responsável da emergência de um sistema como este, do qual é possível traçar sua origem a través do estudo dos interesses que convergem em sua instauração, nomeadamente o controle social dos estrangeiros e o fornecimento just in time de trabalhadores temporários. No alojamento, pretende-se a domesticação dos homes a través de dispositivos diversos (normas, presença de pessoal responsável, regimes de visita e permissão de saída). Seu caráter penitenciário e sua tendência totalizadora, nos leva à comparação destes estabelecimentos com o que Erving Goffman denominou Instituição Total. A marca desta nova instituição é sua liminaridade, característica de um espaço dedicado à concentração dos homens e à sua transformação