Architectural concrete norms : causes and processes affecting performance, construction, and appearance.

Thesis. 1977. M.Arch.A.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Architecture.MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH.Bibliography : p. 177.M.Arch.A.S

Fishes of the Charlotte Harbor Estuarine System, Florida

To date, 255 fish species in 95 families have been reliably reported from the Charlotte Harbor estuarine system in southwest Florida. The species list was compiled from recent fishery-independent collections, a review of reports and peer-reviewed literature, and examination of cataloged specimens at the Florida Museum of Natural History. Thirty-nine species are new records for this estuarine system. Many of the newly documented species are common on the west Florida continental shelf and associated inshore habitats. Twenty-two previously reported species were not included in the species list presented herein on the basis of more recent research, doubtful original identifications, or questionable locality data

Effects of temperature and pH on archaeal membrane lipid distributions in freshwater wetlands

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.  Freshwater wetlands harbour diverse archaeal communities and associated membrane lipid assemblages, but the effect of environmental factors (e.g. pH and temperature) on the distribution of these lipids is relatively poorly constrained. Here we explore the effects of temperature and pH on archaeal core-lipid and intact polar lipid (IPL) derived core lipid distributions in a range of wetlands. We focus not only on the commonly studied isoprenoidal glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (isoGDGTs), but also widen our analyses to include more recently identified but relatively widespread archaeal lipids such as isoGDGT isomers, methylated isoGDGTs (Me-GDGTs), and butanetriol and pentanetriol tetraethers (BDGTs and PDGTs). Based on multivariate analysis and a globally distributed set of wetlands, we find that the degree of isoGDGT cyclisation does increase along with temperature and pH in wetlands; however and unlike in some other settings, this relationship is obscured in simple scatterplots due to the incorporation of isoGDGTs from highly diverse archaeal sources with multiple ring-temperature or ring-pH relationships. We further show that the relative abundance of early eluting to later eluting isoGDGT isomers increases with pH, representing a previously unknown and seemingly widespread archaeal membrane homeostasis mechanism or taxonomic signal. The distribution and abundance of crenarchaeol, a marker for Thaumarchaeota, demonstrates that in wetlands these Archaea, likely involved in ammonia oxidation, are restricted primarily to the generally dryer, soil/sediment surface and typically are more abundant in circumneutral pH settings. We identify Me-GDGTs and Me-isoGMGTs (homologs of isoGDGTs and isoGMGTs, but with additional methylation on the biphytanyl chain) as being ubiquitous in wetlands, but variation in their abundance and distribution suggests changing source communities and/or membrane adaptation. The high relative abundance of BDGTs and PDGTs in the perennially anoxic part of the peat profile (catotelm) as well as their elevated abundance in a circumneutral pH wetland is consistent with an important input from their only known culture source, the methanogenic Methanomassiliicoccales. Our results underline the diversity of archaeal membrane lipids preserved in wetlands and provide a baseline for the use of archaeal lipid distributions in wetlands as tracers of recent or ancient climate and biogeochemistry.NERCRoyal SocietyER

Dark carbon fixation in the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone contributes to sedimentary organic carbon (SOM)

In response to rising CO2concentrations and increasing global sea surface temperatures,oxygen minimum zones (OMZ), or“dead zones”, are expected to expand. OMZs are fueled by highprimary productivity, resulting in enhanced biological oxygen demand at depth, subsequent oxygen depletion, and attenuation of remineralization. This results in the deposition of organic carbon‐rich sediments. Carbon drawdown is estimated by biogeochemical models; however, a major process is ignored: carbon fixation in the mid‐and lower water column. Here, we show that chemoautotrophic carbon fixation is important in the Arabian Sea OMZ; and manifests in a13C‐depleted signature of sedimentary organic carbon. We determined theδ13C values of Corg deposited in close spatial proximity but over a steepbottom‐water oxygen gradient, and theδ13C composition of biomarkers of chemoautotrophic bacteriacapable of anaerobic ammonia oxidation (anammox). Isotope mixing models show that detritus fromanammox bacteria or other chemoautotrophs likely forms a substantial part of the organic matter depositedwithin the Arabian Sea OMZ (~17%), implying that the contribution of chemoautotrophs to settling organicmatter is exported to the sediment. This has implications for the evaluation of past, and future, OMZs:biogeochemical models that operate on the assumption that all sinking organic matter is photosynthetically derived, without new addition of carbon, could significantly underestimate the extent of remineralization. Oxygen demand in oxygen minimum zones could thus be higher than projections suggest, leading to a more intense expansion of OMZs than expected

Introducing global peat-specific temperature and pH calibrations based on brGDGT bacterial lipids

This is the author accepted manuscript. The final version is available from Elsevier via the DOI in this record.Glycerol dialkyl glycerol tetraethers (GDGTs) are membrane-spanning lipids from Bacteria and Archaea that are ubiquitous in a range of natural archives and especially abundant in peat. Previous work demonstrated that the distribution of bacterial branched GDGTs (brGDGTs) in mineral soils is correlated to environmental factors such as mean annual air temperature (MAAT) and soil pH. However, the influence of these parameters on brGDGT distributions in peat is largely unknown. Here we investigate the distribution of brGDGTs in 470 samples from 96 peatlands around the world with a broad mean annual air temperature (−8 to 27 °C) and pH (3–8) range and present the first peat-specific brGDGT-based temperature and pH calibrations. Our results demonstrate that the degree of cyclisation of brGDGTs in peat is positively correlated with pH, pH = 2.49 x CBTpeat + 8.07 (n = 51, R2 65 = 0.58, RMSE = 0.8) and the degree of methylation of brGDGTs is positively correlated with MAAT, MAATpeat (°C) = 52.18 x MBT5me’ – 23.05 (n = 96, R2 67 = 0.76, RMSE = 4.7 °C). 3 These peat-specific calibrations are distinct from the available mineral soil calibrations. In light of the error in the temperature calibration (~ 4.7 °C), we urge caution in any application to reconstruct late Holocene climate variability, where the climatic signals are relatively small, and the duration of excursions could be brief. Instead, these proxies are well-suited to reconstruct large amplitude, longer-term shifts in climate such as deglacial transitions. Indeed, when applied to a peat deposit spanning the late glacial period (~15.2 kyr), we demonstrate that MAATpeat yields absolute temperatures and relative temperature changes that are consistent with those from other proxies. In addition, the application of MAATpeat to fossil peat (i.e. lignites) has the potential to reconstruct terrestrial climate during the Cenozoic. We conclude that there is clear potential to use brGDGTs in peats and lignites to reconstruct past terrestrial climateThis research was funded through the advanced ERC grant “the greenhouse earth system” (T-GRES, project reference 340923), awarded to RDP. All authors are part of the “T-GRES Peat Database collaborators” collective. RDP also acknowledges the Royal Society Wolfson Research Merit Award. We thank D. Atkinson for help with the sample preparation. We acknowledge support from Labex VOLTAIRE (ANR-10- 22 LABX-100-01). Peat from Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego were collected thanks to a Young Researcher Grant of the Agence National de la Recherche (ANR) to FDV, project ANR-2011-JS56-006-01 “PARAD” and with the help of Ramiro Lopez, Andrea Coronato and Veronica Pancotto (CADIC-CONICET, Ushuaia). Peat from Brazil was collected with the context of CNPq project 482815/2011-6. Samples from France (Frasne and La Guette) were collected thanks to the French Observatory of Peatlands. The Canadian peat was collected in the context of the NSERC-Discovery grant of L. Rochefort. Peats from China were obtained under a National Natural Science Foundation of China grant (No. 41372033), awarded to Y. Zheng

Subduction or sagduction? Ambiguity in constraining the origin of ultramafic–mafic bodies in the Archean crust of NW Scotland

The Lewisian Complex of NW Scotland is a fragment of the North Atlantic Craton. It comprises mostly Archean tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite (TTG) orthogneisses that were variably metamorphosed and reworked in the late Neoarchean to Paleoproterozoic. Within the granulite facies central region of the mainland Lewisian Complex, discontinuous belts composed of ultramafic–mafic rocks and structurally overlying garnet–biotite gneiss (brown gneiss) are spatially associated with steeply-inclined amphibolite facies shear zones that have been interpreted as terrane boundaries. Interpretation of the primary chemical composition of these rocks is complicated by partial melting and melt loss during granulite facies metamorphism, and contamination with melts derived from the adjacent migmatitic TTG host rocks. Notwithstanding, the composition of the layered ultramafic–mafic rocks is suggestive of a protolith formed by differentiation of tholeiitic magma, where the ultramafic portions of these bodies represent the metamorphosed cumulates and the mafic portions the metamorphosed fractionated liquids. Although the composition of the brown gneiss does not clearly discriminate the protolith, it most likely represents a metamorphosed sedimentary or volcano-sedimentary sequence. For Archean rocks, particularly those metamorphosed to granulite facies, the geochemical characteristics typically used for discrimination of paleotectonic environments are neither strictly appropriate nor clearly diagnostic. Many of the rocks in the Lewisian Complex have ‘arc-like’ trace element signatures. These signatures are interpreted to reflect derivation from hydrated enriched mantle and, in the case of the TTG gneisses, partial melting of amphibolite source rocks containing garnet and a Ti-rich phase, probably rutile. However, it is becoming increasingly recognised that in Archean rocks such signatures may not be unique to a subduction environment but may relate to processes such as delamination and dripping. Consequently, it is unclear whether the Lewisian ultramafic–mafic rocks and brown gneisses represent products of plate margin or intraplate magmatism. Although a subduction-related origin is possible, we propose that an intraplate origin is equally plausible. If the second alternative is correct, the ultramafic–mafic rocks and brown gneisses may represent the remnants of intracratonic greenstone belts that sank into the deep crust due to their density contrast with the underlying partially molten low viscosity TTG orthogneisses

Shaping a nation: a geology of Australia

This book presents Australia\u27s geological evolution as seen through the lens of human impacts. Exploring the geology, resources and landscapes of Australia, the book reveals how these have helped to shape this nation’s society, environment and wealth. Presented in a refreshingly non-linear format, the book summarises much of what we know about this country’s geological history, discussing the fossil record and evolution of life across the continent, describing its mineral and energy reserves, and revealing the significance of its coastal and groundwater systems. The book also explores some of the challenges and opportunities presented by Australia’s rich geological heritage, and outlines the issues they present in Australian society today. Based on much of the latest science, the book reveals Australia’s expertise in the geosciences and reinforces the vital role they play in informing its present and future development. In presenting the latest geoscientific knowledge, Shaping a Nation is vividly illustrated by technical drawings and figures and accompanied by stunning photography that reveals the extraordinary beauty of Australia’s geology and landscapes

Lithospheric Framework of Australia

The Australian continent comprises an amalgamation of cratonic elements onto which there has been significant Phanerozoic accretion in the east. The result is a complex lithospheric structure with a broad span of ages of material at the surface. The continent is moving rapidly to the north at c. 7 cm/yr, relative to Asia. The collisions with the Eurasian and Pacific plates to the north, coupled to the interaction with the Pacific Plate along the eastern plate boundary through Tonga and New Zealand result in a complex pattern of stresses that is reflected in a moderate rate of intra-plate earthquakes. Extensive geophysical investigations at a continental scale have revealed details of the nature of the lithosphere. The lithosphere is thick (200 km or more) and seismically fast beneath the Precambrian domains of the centre and west of Australia and thins to the east, in a series of steps, to c. 80 km in the Tasman Sea. Large gravity anomalies in the centre of the continent attest to complex deformation in the Phanerozoic that has left a residue of domains with rapid changes in crustal thickness. The development of Australia's generally thick lithosphere has exerted fundamental control on the overall tectonic stability and consequent landscape evolution, the distribution of earthquakes and associated seismic risk, the evolution of sedimentary basins, as well as heat flow and other resource endowment