It takes time (not money) to understand: Money reduces attentiveness to common ground in communication

Communication is a central part of social life. Successful communication requires going beyond the semantic meaning of words by being attentive to the interaction's common ground, that is, considering what actors know and believe to be mutually known about the situation. Drawing on previous literature suggesting that thoughts about money reduce social interaction whereas thoughts about time increase it, we propose that thinking about money compared to time reduces attentiveness towards the common ground. In support of this, we find that individuals who had been thinking about money compared to time were less likely to interpret two similar questions as distinct, even though asking the same question twice would be violating conversational norms (Study 1). Moreover, they were less likely to note ambiguity in a euphemistic description (Study 2), thus illustrating that lower attentiveness to the interaction's common ground can be a double-edged sword

The Snacking Chameleon: Psychological Proximity Increases Imitation of Food Intake Independently of Brand Choice

Observing other people snacking can affect one’s own consumption behavior. The present experiment tested whether temporal distance moderates imitation of brand choice and the number of snacks consumed. Based on previous research demonstrating that psychological distance (e.g., temporal or spatial distance) reduces imitation of movements, we hypothesized that participants would imitate the amount of food intake to a lesser degree when they temporally distance themselves from a model person. To test this idea, participants (n = 113) were asked to imagine their life either the next day (proximal condition) or in one year (distant condition). Next, participants watched a video clip depicting a model person who chose one of two brands of pretzels and ate either plenty or just a few of the pretzels. Then, participants chose one of the two brands of pretzels, served themselves as many of the pretzels as they liked, and ate them while filling in a tasting questionnaire. As expected, participants primed with proximity imitated snack intake more than participants primed with distance. The brand choice was not affected by self-distancing. Implications for snacking behavior are discussed

De nobis ipsis silemus ?Les marques de personne dans l’article scientifique

La présence pronominale du chercheur dans le discours spécialisé écrit est un sujet controversé. L’analyse des données statistiques confirme la hiérarchie fréquentielle entre je, nous et on, mais révèle des variations considérables dans une seule catégorie fonctionnelle d’un seul auteur et suggère donc une enquête sur la norme intériorisée. En confirmant la persistance tendancielle du tabou du moi, celle-ci révèle que majoritairement l’échantillon interrogé préfère le nous exclusif et l’hortatif par rapport au pronom je, mais rejette le pronom on ‘je’ tout comme l’on indéfini dans les constructions passives, qu’il ne considère pas non plus comme genus verbi scientifique par excellence.Pronominal presence of the researcher in written scientific discourse is a controversial subject. The analysis of statistical data confirms the hierarchy of frequency between je, nous and on, but reveals considerable variations in one and the same functional category of one and the same author and thus suggests a survey on the interiorised norm. Confirming the persistence of the traditional taboo of I, this study shows that the majority of the interrogated persons prefers the nousexclusif and the hortatif to the pronoun je, but rejects the pronoun on ‘je’ as well as the indefinite on in passive constructions, which is also not considered the genus verbi scientific par excellence

El dialecto como reto de doblaje: opciones y obstáculos de la traslación de Bienvenue chez les Ch‘tis

Dubbing a film in which dialect plays a central role not only in the language of some of its characters but also as a topic of discussion and a trigger of comic misunderstandings, is a challenge for any translator. The task of transferring the successful French film Bienvenue chez les Ch’tis (Welcome to the Sticks) with its extensive use of Picard into Spanish is a case in point. In its analysis of Bienvenidos al Norte, this article discusses several solutions to the problem, rejecting traditional options such as translating dialect into standard Spanish or into a Spanish dialect like Andalusian. The creation of an artificial Spanish is put forward as the best option and evaluated in phonological and lexical terms.Doblar una película en la cual el dialecto desempeña un papel central no solo como lengua de sus protagonistas sino también como tema de conversación y detonante de muchos efectos cómicos es un reto para cualquier traductor. La tarea de traducir Bienvenue chez les Ch’tis con su empleo constante del dialecto picardo al español es un buen ejemplo de ello. Este artículo realiza un análisis del doblaje de Bienvenidos al Norte y estudia varias soluciones del problema. Como resultado, se rechazan opciones clásicas como la traducción al español estándar o a un dialecto como el andaluz y se considera como una opción más adecuada la creación de un español artificial, que es analizado en el plano fonológico y léxico.

Faced with exclusion: Perceived facial warmth and competence influence moral judgments of social exclusion

The current research investigates how facial appearance can act as a cue that guides observers' feelings and moral judgments about social exclusion episodes. In three studies, we manipulated facial portraits of allegedly ostracized persons to appear more or less warm and competent. Participants perceived it as least morally acceptable to exclude a person that appeared warm-and-incompetent. Moreover, participants perceived it as most acceptable to exclude a cold-and-incompetent looking person. In Study 2, we also varied the faces of the excluding group (i.e., the ostracizers). Results indicate that typical ostracizers are imagined as cold-and-incompetent looking. Study 3 suggests that the effect of a target's facial appearance on moral judgment is mediated by feelings of disgust. In sum, people's moral judgment about social exclusion can be influenced by facial appearance, which has many implications in intergroup research, such as for bystander intervention

Pathogen-reactive T helper cell analysis in the pig

There is growing interest in studying host-pathogen interactions in human-relevant large animal models such as the pig. Despite the progress in developing immunological reagents for porcine T cell research, there is an urgent need to directly assess pathogen-specific T cells-an extremely rare population of cells, but of upmost importance in orchestrating the host immune response to a given pathogen. Here, we established that the activation marker CD154 (CD40L), known from human and mouse studies, identifies also porcine antigen-reactive CD4(+) T lymphocytes. CD154 expression was upregulated early after antigen encounter and CD4(+)CD154(+) antigen-reactive T cells coexpressed cytokines. Antigen-induced expansion and autologous restimulation enabled a time-and dose-resolved analysis of CD154 regulation and a significantly increased resolution in phenotypic profiling of antigen-responsive cells. CD154 expression identified T cells responding to staphylococcal Enterotoxin B superantigen stimulation as well as T cells responding to the fungus Candida albicans and T cells specific for a highly prevalent intestinal parasite, the nematode Ascaris suum during acute and trickle infection. Antigen-reactive T cells were further detected after immunization of pigs with a single recombinant bacterial antigen of Streptococcus suis only. Thus, our study offers new ways to study antigen-specific T lymphocytes in the pig and their contribution to host-pathogen interactions

Catalyzing decisions: How a coin flip strengthens affective reactions

When individuals are undecided between options, they may flip a coin or use other aids that produce random outcomes to support decision-making. Such aids lead to clear suggestions, which, interestingly, individuals do not necessarily follow. Instead when looking at the outcome, individuals sometimes appear to like or dislike the suggestion, and then decide according to this feeling. In this manuscript we argue that such a decision aid can function as a catalyst. As it points to one option over the other, individuals focus on obtaining this option and engage in a more vivid representation of the same. By imagining obtaining the option, feelings related to the option become stronger, which then drive feelings of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the outcome of the decision aid. We provide support for this phenomenon throughout two studies. Study 1 indicates that using a catalyst leads to stronger feelings. Study 2 replicates this finding using a different catalyst, and rules out alternative explanations. Here, participants report that after having used a catalyst, they experienced a stronger feeling of suddenly knowing what they want compared to the control group that did not use a catalyst. Implications of these results for research and practice are discussed