The Physical Oceanography of the Cape Hatt Region, Eclipse Sound, N.W.T.

In the spring and summer of 1980 and 1981, detailed measurements of water temperature, salinity and depth, currents, tidal height and waves were made in the vicinity of Cape Hatt, at the northern end of Baffin Island, N.W.T., in support of the Baffin Island Oil Spill (BIOS) Project. Currents in the region were generally weak, averaging less than 10 cm/s near the surface and about 2 cm/s in the deeper waters. Deep circulation in Ragged Channel, on the western side of Cape Hatt, was usually counterclockwise. On the western side of Cape Hatt, a strong (up to 30 cm/s) northward flowing coastal current existed. It was occasionally reversed by a flood tide or prolonged south winds. Eddies were observed in bays on the western side of Cape Hatt driven by this coastal current. These eddies were clockwise when the flow offshore was northward and counterclockwise when the flow was southward. Evidence was found for an internal M2 tide in Ragged Channel. Some of the variations in the observed currents and density fields were explained with a simple model of this tide. Under-ice density profiles showed a typical well-mixed layer just above freezing temperature that reached to the bottom in the nearshore regions and to about 35 m depth in mid-channel. In the ice-free season, there was a pronounced shallow mixed layer that ranged from 4 to 10 m in depth. Water properties at the bottom of Ragged Channel were essentially unchanged from winter to summer. In the winter, water properties in Z-Lagoon were similar to those in Ragged Channel. In the summer, they showed the result of being cut off from the main body of Eclipse Sound. In Ragged Channel, wave conditions were very mild, not exceeding 20 cm in significant height, while on the eastern side of Cape Hatt, they were worse, up to 1.4 m, but still not severe.Key words: Eclipse Sound, oceanography, currents, tides, internal tides, water temperature, salinity, wavesMots clés: Eclipse Sound, océanographie, courants, marées, marées internes, température de l’eau, salinité, vague

Multi-layered control of Galectin-8 mediated autophagy during adenovirus cell entry through a conserved PPxY motif in the viral capsid.

Cells employ active measures to restrict infection by pathogens, even prior to responses from the innate and humoral immune defenses. In this context selective autophagy is activated upon pathogen induced membrane rupture to sequester and deliver membrane fragments and their pathogen contents for lysosomal degradation. Adenoviruses, which breach the endosome upon entry, escape this fate by penetrating into the cytosol prior to autophagosome sequestration of the ruptured endosome. We show that virus induced membrane damage is recognized through Galectin-8 and sequesters the autophagy receptors NDP52 and p62. We further show that a conserved PPxY motif in the viral membrane lytic protein VI is critical for efficient viral evasion of autophagic sequestration after endosomal lysis. Comparing the wildtype with a PPxY-mutant virus we show that depletion of Galectin-8 or suppression of autophagy in ATG5-/- MEFs rescues infectivity of the PPxY-mutant virus while depletion of the autophagy receptors NDP52, p62 has only minor effects. Furthermore we show that wildtype viruses exploit the autophagic machinery for efficient nuclear genome delivery and control autophagosome formation via the cellular ubiquitin ligase Nedd4.2 resulting in reduced antigenic presentation. Our data thus demonstrate that a short PPxY-peptide motif in the adenoviral capsid permits multi-layered viral control of autophagic processes during entry

Best practice methodology for 14C calibration of marine and mixed terrestrial/marine samples

There is a lack of detailed guidance in the published literature on how to calibrate 14C measurements made on marine or mixed marine/terrestrial (primarily human remains) samples. We describe what we consider to be the best approach towards achieving the most accurate calibrated age ranges, using the most appropriate ΔR and percentage marine diet estimates, and associated, realistic error terms on these values. However, this approach will increase the calibrated age range(s) by fully accounting for the variability in both the model and the material. While the discussion is based on examples from the UK and Iceland, the same fundamental arguments can be applied in any geographic location largely devoid of C4 plants as the high δ13C values from such plants can make identification of marine intake difficult to determine

Inhibition of Vesicular Glutamate Uptake by Rose Bengal-Related Compounds: Structure–Activity Relationship

Synaptic vesicular accumulation of glutamate is a vital initial step in glutamate transmission. We have previously shown that Rose Bengal, a polyhalogenated fluorescein analog, is a potent inhibitor of glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles. Here, we report the structural features of Rose Bengal required for this inhibition. Various Rose Bengal-related compounds, with systematic structural variations, were tested. Results indicate that the four iodo groups and the phenyl group attached to the xanthene moiety are critical for potent inhibitory activity. Replacement of these groups with two iodo groups and an alkyl group, respectively, results in substantial reduction in potency. Of further interest in creating high potency is the critical nature of the oxygen atom which links the two benzene rings of xanthene. Thus, the phenyl group and multiple iodo groups, as well as the bridging oxygen of xanthene, are crucial elements of Rose Bengal required for its potent inhibitory action.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/45424/1/11064_2005_Article_2610.pd

A Measurement of the Proton Structure Function F ⁣2(x,Q2)F_{\!2}(x,Q^2)

A measurement of the proton structure function $F_{\!2}(x,Q^2)$ is reported for momentum transfer squared $Q^2$ between 4.5 $GeV^2$ and 1600 $GeV^2$ and for Bjorken $x$ between $1.8\cdot10^{-4}$ and 0.13 using data collected by the HERA experiment H1 in 1993. It is observed that $F_{\!2}$ increases significantly with decreasing $x$, confirming our previous measurement made with one tenth of the data available in this analysis. The $Q^2$ dependence is approximately logarithmic over the full kinematic range covered. The subsample of deep inelastic events with a large pseudo-rapidity gap in the hadronic energy flow close to the proton remnant is used to measure the "diffractive" contribution to $F_{\!2}$.Comment: 32 pages, ps, appended as compressed, uuencoded fil

Risk profiles and one-year outcomes of patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in India: Insights from the GARFIELD-AF Registry.

BACKGROUND: The Global Anticoagulant Registry in the FIELD-Atrial Fibrillation (GARFIELD-AF) is an ongoing prospective noninterventional registry, which is providing important information on the baseline characteristics, treatment patterns, and 1-year outcomes in patients with newly diagnosed non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). This report describes data from Indian patients recruited in this registry. METHODS AND RESULTS: A total of 52,014 patients with newly diagnosed AF were enrolled globally; of these, 1388 patients were recruited from 26 sites within India (2012-2016). In India, the mean age was 65.8 years at diagnosis of NVAF. Hypertension was the most prevalent risk factor for AF, present in 68.5% of patients from India and in 76.3% of patients globally (P < 0.001). Diabetes and coronary artery disease (CAD) were prevalent in 36.2% and 28.1% of patients as compared with global prevalence of 22.2% and 21.6%, respectively (P < 0.001 for both). Antiplatelet therapy was the most common antithrombotic treatment in India. With increasing stroke risk, however, patients were more likely to receive oral anticoagulant therapy [mainly vitamin K antagonist (VKA)], but average international normalized ratio (INR) was lower among Indian patients [median INR value 1.6 (interquartile range {IQR}: 1.3-2.3) versus 2.3 (IQR 1.8-2.8) (P < 0.001)]. Compared with other countries, patients from India had markedly higher rates of all-cause mortality [7.68 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval 6.32-9.35) vs 4.34 (4.16-4.53), P < 0.0001], while rates of stroke/systemic embolism and major bleeding were lower after 1 year of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Compared to previously published registries from India, the GARFIELD-AF registry describes clinical profiles and outcomes in Indian patients with AF of a different etiology. The registry data show that compared to the rest of the world, Indian AF patients are younger in age and have more diabetes and CAD. Patients with a higher stroke risk are more likely to receive anticoagulation therapy with VKA but are underdosed compared with the global average in the GARFIELD-AF. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT01090362