Dynamic reliability and sensitivity analysis based on HMM models with Markovian signal process

The authors are grateful to three anonymous reviewers and the Editor for many valuable comments and suggestions, which have helped to improve the quality of the article. This work is jointly supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation-State Research Agency through grants numbered PID2020-120217RB-I00 and PID2021-123737NB-I00, and by the Spanish Junta de Andalucia through grant number B-FQM-284-UGR20 and the IMAG Maria de Maeztu, Spain grant CEX2020-001105-/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.The main objective of this paper is to build stochastic models to describe the evolution-in-time of a system and to estimate its characteristics when direct observations of the system state are not available. One important application area arises with the deployment of sensor networks that have become ubiquitous nowadays with the purpose of observing and controlling industrial equipment. The model is based on hidden Markov processes where the observation at a given time depends not only on the current hidden state but also on the previous observations. Some reliability measures are defined in this context and a sensitivity analysis is presented in order to control for false positive (negative) signals that would lead to believe erroneously that the system is in failure (working) when actually it is not. System maintenance aspects based on the model are considered, and the concept of signal-runs is introduced. A simulation study is carried out to evaluate the finite sample performance of the method and a real application related to a water-pump system monitored by a set of sensors is also discussed.Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation-State Research Agency PID2020-120217RB-I00, PID2021-123737NB-I00Junta de Andalucía B-FQM-284-UGR20IMAG Maria de Maeztu, Spain CEX2020-001105-/AEI/10.13039/50110001103

Emotion Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality: From Statistics to Affective Computing

[EN] Emotions play a critical role in our daily lives, so the understanding and recognition of emotional responses is crucial for human research. Affective computing research has mostly used non-immersive two-dimensional (2D) images or videos to elicit emotional states. However, immersive virtual reality, which allows researchers to simulate environments in controlled laboratory conditions with high levels of sense of presence and interactivity, is becoming more popular in emotion research. Moreover, its synergy with implicit measurements and machine-learning techniques has the potential to impact transversely in many research areas, opening new opportunities for the scientific community. This paper presents a systematic review of the emotion recognition research undertaken with physiological and behavioural measures using head-mounted displays as elicitation devices. The results highlight the evolution of the field, give a clear perspective using aggregated analysis, reveal the current open issues and provide guidelines for future research.This research was funded by European Commission, grant number H2020-825585 HELIOS.Marín-Morales, J.; Llinares Millán, MDC.; Guixeres Provinciale, J.; Alcañiz Raya, ML. (2020). Emotion Recognition in Immersive Virtual Reality: From Statistics to Affective Computing. Sensors. 20(18):1-26. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20185163S126201

Aplicación foliar de cobre sobre el rendimiento y concentración de antocianinas en cálices de Hibiscus sabdariffa

Frequent anthocyanin consumption improves health and prevents diseases due to its antioxidant activity. Exposure of some plants to high concentrations of heavy metals may increase anthocyanin concentration and thus improve their food quality. This study determined the effect of Cu spraying on hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) leaves at various dosages and number of doses on anthocyanin content, physical and chemical characteristics, and calyces yield. For this purpose, hibiscus genotype Reina Roja was grown under rainfed conditions. During the vegetative stage, Cu was sprayed two, four or six times with 150, 300 and 450 mg L-1. The results indicate that four and six sprayings with 150, 300 and 450 mg Cu L-1 reduced dry calyces yield. Two sprayings at either Cu dosage did not modify calyces yield. Added Cu increased significantly anthocyanin content and titratable acidity and decreased ascorbic acid content in the calyces. Anthocyanin content increased the most (57 and 44%) when Cu was sprayed six times at 300 and 450 mg L-1. The data suggests that two sprayings with 150 mg Cu L-1 could improve nutritional quality of hibiscus extracts without affecting dry calyces yield.El consumo frecuente de antocianinas mejora la salud y previene enfermedades, debido a su actividad antioxidante. La exposición de algunas plantas a concentraciones altas de metales pesados puede incrementar la concentración de antocianinas y mejorar su calidad funcional. Este estudio determinó el efecto de la aplicación foliar de Cu en varias dosis y número de aplicaciones sobre el contenido de antocianinas, características físico-químicas y rendimiento de cálices de jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). Para este propósito se cultivó el genotipo Reina Roja que durante la etapa vegetativa, se asperjó al follaje con Cu en dos, cuatro y seis ocasiones con 150, 300 y 450 mg L-1. Los resultados indican que cuatro y seis aplicaciones de cobre redujeron el rendimiento de cálices secos para todas las dosis. Dos aplicaciones no modificaron el rendimiento de cálices. El Cu incrementó significativamente el contenido de antocianinas, acidez titulable y disminuyó el contenido de ácido ascórbico en los cálices. Los aumentos mayores de antocianinas (57 y 44%) fueron con seis aplicaciones de 300 y 450 mg de Cu L-1. Los datos sugieren que dos aplicaciones de 150 mg de Cu L-1 pueden mejorar la calidad nutracéutica de los extractos de jamaica sin afectar el rendimiento de cálices secos.Fil: Apáez Barrios, Patricio. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoFil: Rocha Granados, María del Carmen. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoFil: Pedraza Santos, Martha E.. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de HidalgoFil: Raya Montaño, Yurixhi Atenea. Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalg

Water Stress Enhances the Progression of Branch Dieback and Almond Decline under Field Conditions

Branch dieback and tree decline have been described as a common complex disease worldwide in woody crops, with Botryosphaeriaceae and Diaporthaceae being considered the most frequent fungi associated with the disease symptoms. Their behaviour is still uncertain, since they are considered endophytes becoming pathogenic in weakened hosts when stress conditions, such as water deficiency occur. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to determine if water stress enhances general decline on weakened almond trees subjected to different irrigation treatments under natural field conditions. In parallel, the occurrence of fungal species associated with almond decline was also determined in relation to disease progression by fungal isolation, and morphological and molecular based-methods. The symptoms of branch dieback and general decline were observed over time, mainly in the experimental plots subjected to high water deficiency. Botryosphaeriaceae were the most consistently isolated fungi, and Botryosphaeria dothidea was the most frequent. Collophorina hispanica was the second most frequent species and Diaporthe and Cytospora species were isolated in a low frequency. Most of them were recovered from both asymptomatic and symptomatic trees, with their consistency of isolation increasing with the disease severity. This work reveals the need to elucidate the role of biotic and abiotic factors which increase the rate of infection of fungal trunk pathogens, in order to generate important knowledge on their life cycle

Navigation Comparison between a Real and a Virtual Museum: Time-dependent Differences using a Head Mounted Display

[EN] The validity of environmental simulations depends on their capacity to replicate responses produced in physical environments. However, very few studies validate navigation differences in immersive virtual environments, even though these can radically condition space perception and therefore alter the various evoked responses. The objective of this paper is to validate environmental simulations using 3D environments and head-mounted display devices, at behavioural level through navigation. A comparison is undertaken between the free exploration of an art exhibition in a physical museum and a simulation of the same experience. As a first perception validation, the virtual museum shows a high degree of presence. Movement patterns in both `museums¿ show close similarities, and present significant differences at the beginning of the exploration in terms of the percentage of area explored and the time taken to undertake the tours. Therefore, the results show there are significant time-dependent differences in navigation patterns during the first 2 minutes of the tours. Subsequently, there are no significant differences in navigation in physical and virtual museums. These findings support the use of immersive virtual environments as empirical tools in human behavioural research at navigation level.This work was supported by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad de España (Project TIN2013-45736-R); Dirección General de Tráfico, Ministerio del Interior de España (Project SPIP2017-02220); and the Institut Valencià d’Art Modern.Marín-Morales, J.; Higuera-Trujillo, JL.; Juan-Ripoll, CD.; Llinares Millán, MDC.; Guixeres Provinciale, J.; Iñarra Abad, S.; Alcañiz Raya, ML. (2019). Navigation Comparison between a Real and a Virtual Museum: Time-dependent Differences using a Head Mounted Display. Interacting with Computers. 31(2):208-220. https://doi.org/10.1093/iwc/iwz018S20822031

Real vs. immersive-virtual emotional experience: Analysis of psycho-physiological patterns in a free exploration of an art museum

[EN] Virtual reality is a powerful tool in human behaviour research. However, few studies compare its capacity to evoke the same emotional responses as in real scenarios. This study investigates psycho-physiological patterns evoked during the free exploration of an art museum and the museum virtualized through a 3D immersive virtual environment (IVE). An exploratory study involving 60 participants was performed, recording electroencephalographic and electrocardiographic signals using wearable devices. The real vs. virtual psychological comparison was performed using self-assessment emotional response tests, whereas the physiological comparison was performed through Support Vector Machine algorithms, endowed with an effective feature selection procedure for a set of state-of-the-art metrics quantifying cardiovascular and brain linear and nonlinear dynamics. We included an initial calibration phase, using standardized 2D and 360 degrees emotional stimuli, to increase the accuracy of the model. The self-assessments of the physical and virtual museum support the use of IVEs in emotion research. The 2-class (high/low) system accuracy was 71.52% and 77.08% along the arousal and valence dimension, respectively, in the physical museum, and 75.00% and 71.08% in the virtual museum. The previously presented 360 degrees stimuli contributed to increasing the accuracy in the virtual museum. Also, the real vs. virtual classifier accuracy was 95.27%, using only EEG mean phase coherency features, which demonstrates the high involvement of brain synchronization in emotional virtual reality processes. These findings provide an important contribution at a methodological level and to scientific knowledge, which will effectively guide future emotion elicitation and recognition systems using virtual reality.This work was supported by Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad de Espana (URL: http://www.mineco.gob.es/; Project TIN201345736-R and DPI2016-77396-R); Direccion General de Trafico, Ministerio Del Interior de Espana (URL: http://www.dgt.es/es/; Project SPIP2017-02220); and the Institut Valencia d'Art Modern (URL: https://www.ivam.es/).The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.Marín-Morales, J.; Higuera-Trujillo, JL.; Greco, A.; Guixeres, J.; Llinares Millán, MDC.; Gentili, C.; Scilingo, EP.... (2019). Real vs. immersive-virtual emotional experience: Analysis of psycho-physiological patterns in a free exploration of an art museum. 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Psychophysiology, 49(11), 1617-1621. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01471.

Congreso del alumnado como herramienta para el desarrollo de habilidades competenciales en los Grados de Educación Infantil y Primaria

De acuerdo con la literatura, uno de los objetivos fundamentales del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior es que el alumnado debe desarrollar una serie de competencias, siendo agentes activos de su propio conocimiento, primando el aprendizaje por descubrimiento guiado por el profesor. Siguiendo esta línea, desarrollamos un proyecto de innovación docente con el objetivo de fomentar en los estudiantes una actitud activa y autónoma hacia la adquisición de su propio conocimiento. Para ello, los estudiantes siguieron una metodología de aprendizaje basado en la investigación, potenciando una actitud crítica sustentada en criterios científicos. Así surgió el « I Congreso de Psicología y Educación: el Congreso de los Estudiantes » llevado a cabo en la Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación de la Universidad de Córdoba. Un Congreso Científico donde los alumnos que cursaban distintas asignaturas de Psicología en los grados de Educación Infantil y Primaria fueron los protagonistas de las presentaciones orales, así como de los pósteres científicos, sobre temáticas cuyo eje fundamental fue la Psicología en el ámbito educativo. Un año más tarde se celebró su segunda edición continuando en la misma línea de actuación. En ésta se consiguió perseverar en los objetivos y perfeccionar la forma de llevar a cabo la experiencia adaptándola a nuevas temáticas y ampliando la participación.According to the literature, one of the main aims of the European Higher Education Area is that students must develop basic competences, being active agents of their own knowledge, emphasizing discovery learning and the role of the professor as a guide. Following this line, we have developed a project of educational innovation which main aim was fostering autonomy and active learning in students. With this purpose, the students followed a learning methodology based on research and promoting a critical attitude rooted in scientific approach. Thus, the «I Congress of Psychology and Education: the Congress of Students» emerged at the Faculty of Education of the University of Cordoba. A Scientific Congress where the students, who were studying different Psychology subjects in the Bachelor of Early Childhood Education or Bachelor of Primary Education, were the agents of the oral presentations, as well as the scientific posters. The main topic was Educational psychology. In the same line, one year later, it was celebrated the second edition of the Congress. In this edition, we expanded the participation and topics and the methodology was improved

Evaluation of 12 GWAS-drawn SNPs as biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis response to TNF inhibitors. A potential SNP association with response to etanercept

Research in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasingly focused on the discovery of biomarkers that could enable personalized treatments. The genetic biomarkers associated with the response to TNF inhibitors (TNFi) are among the most studied. They include 12 SNPs exhibiting promising results in the three largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, they still require further validation. With this aim, we assessed their association with response to TNFi in a replication study, and a meta-analysis summarizing all nonredundant data. The replication involved 755 patients with RA that were treated for the first time with a biologic drug, which was either infliximab (n = 397), etanercept (n = 155) or adalimumab (n = 203). Their DNA samples were successfully genotyped with a single-base extension multiplex method. Lamentably, none of the 12 SNPs was associated with response to the TNFi in the replication study (p > 0.05). However, a drug-stratified exploratory analysis revealed a significant association of the NUBPL rs2378945 SNP with a poor response to etanercept (B = -0.50, 95% CI = -0.82, -0.17, p = 0.003). In addition, the metaanalysis reinforced the previous association of three SNPs: rs2378945, rs12142623, and rs4651370. In contrast, five of the remaining SNPs were less associated than before, and the other four SNPs were no longer associated with the response to treatment. In summary, our results highlight the complexity of the pharmacogenetics of TNFi in RA showing that it could involve a drug-specific component and clarifying the status of the 12 GWAS-drawn SNPsThis work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII, Spain) through grants PI14/01651, PI17/01606 and RD16/0012/0014 to AG and PI12/01909 to JJG-R. These grants are partially financed by the European Regional Development Fund of the EU (FEDER

Evaluation of 12 GWAS-drawn SNPs as biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis response to TNF inhibitors. A potential SNP association with response to etanercept

Research in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is increasingly focused on the discovery of biomarkers that could enable personalized treatments. The genetic biomarkers associated with the response to TNF inhibitors (TNFi) are among the most studied. They include 12 SNPs exhibiting promising results in the three largest genome-wide association studies (GWAS). However, they still require further validation. With this aim, we assessed their association with response to TNFi in a replication study, and a meta-analysis summarizing all non-redundant data. The replication involved 755 patients with RA that were treated for the first time with a biologic drug, which was either infliximab (n = 397), etanercept (n = 155) or adalimumab (n = 203). Their DNA samples were successfully genotyped with a single-base extension multiplex method. Lamentably, none of the 12 SNPs was associated with response to the TNFi in the replication study (p > 0.05). However, a drug-stratified exploratory analysis revealed a significant association of the NUBPL rs2378945 SNP with a poor response to etanercept (B = -0.50, 95% CI = -0.82, -0.17, p = 0.003). In addition, the meta-analysis reinforced the previous association of three SNPs: rs2378945, rs12142623, and rs4651370. In contrast, five of the remaining SNPs were less associated than before, and the other four SNPs were no longer associated with the response to treatment. In summary, our results highlight the complexity of the pharmacogenetics of TNFi in RA showing that it could involve a drug-specific component and clarifying the status of the 12 GWAS-drawn SNP

Validation Study Of Genetic Biomarkers Of Response To Tnf Inhibitors In Rheumatoid Arthritis

Genetic biomarkers are sought to personalize treatment of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), given their variable response to TNF inhibitors (TNFi). However, no genetic biomaker is yet sufficiently validated. Here, we report a validation study of 18 previously reported genetic biomarkers, including 11 from GWAS of response to TNFi. The validation was attempted in 581 patients with RA that had not been treated with biologic antirheumatic drugs previously. Their response to TNFi was evaluated at 3, 6 and 12 months in two ways: change in the DAS28 measure of disease activity, and according to the EULAR criteria for response to antirheumatic drugs. Association of these parameters with the genotypes, obtained by PCR amplification followed by single-base extension, was tested with regression analysis. These analyses were adjusted for baseline DAS28, sex, and the specific TNFi. However, none of the proposed biomarkers was validated, as none showed association with response to TNFi in our study, even at the time of assessment and with the outcome that showed the most significant result in previous studies. These negative results are notable because this was the first independent validation study for 12 of the biomarkers, and because they indicate that prudence is needed in the interpretation of the proposed biomarkers of response to TNFi even when they are supported by very low p values. The results also emphasize the requirement of independent replication for validation, and the need to search protocols that could increase reproducibility of the biomarkers of response to TNFi