Extramuscular myofascial force transmission within the rat anterior tibial compartment: Proximo-distal differences in muscle force

Intramuscular connective tissues are continuous to extramuscular connective tissues. If force is transmitted there, differences should be present between force at proximal and distal attachments of muscles. Extensor digitorum longus (EDL), tibialis anterior (TA), and extensor hallucis longus muscles (EHL) were excited simultaneously and maximally. Only EDL length was changed, exclusively by moving the position of its proximal tendon. Distal force exerted by TA + EHL complex was not affected significantly. Proximal and distal EDL isometric force were not equal for most EDL lengths:

Looking forward through the past: identification of 50 priority research questions in palaeoecology

1. Priority question exercises are becoming an increasingly common tool to frame future agendas in conservation and ecological science. They are an effective way to identify research foci that advance the field and that also have high policy and conservation relevance. 2. To date, there has been no coherent synthesis of key questions and priority research areas for palaeoecology, which combines biological, geochemical and molecular techniques in order to reconstruct past ecological and environmental systems on time-scales from decades to millions of years. 3. We adapted a well-established methodology to identify 50 priority research questions in palaeoecology. Using a set of criteria designed to identify realistic and achievable research goals, we selected questions from a pool submitted by the international palaeoecology research community and relevant policy practitioners. 4. The integration of online participation, both before and during the workshop, increased international engagement in question selection. 5. The questions selected are structured around six themes: human–environment interactions in the Anthropocene; biodiversity, conservation and novel ecosystems; biodiversity over long time-scales; ecosystem processes and biogeochemical cycling; comparing, combining and synthesizing information from multiple records; and new developments in palaeoecology. 6. Future opportunities in palaeoecology are related to improved incorporation of uncertainty into reconstructions, an enhanced understanding of ecological and evolutionary dynamics and processes and the continued application of long-term data for better-informed landscape management

The x-ray polarimetry view of the accreting pulsar Cen X-3

Galaxie

Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) and Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) Conceptual Design Report Volume 2: The Physics Program for DUNE at LBNF

The Physics Program for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) at the Fermilab Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) is described

Managing to Learn: the Social Poetics of a Polyphonic 'Classroom'

This paper draws on Bakhtin’s use of Polyphony and explores it potential for organising processes within management education. In developing the concept of a polyphonic ‘classroom’, the interplay between tutor, manager-student and theory is related to Bakhtin’s identification of the relationship between hero, other characters and idea within Dostoevsky’s novels. In particular, a carnivalesque polyphonic relations is argued to change tutor-student relations, extend the physical classroom into a wider polyphonic ‘classroom’ that includes the manager-student’s work context and re-imagines learning as a changing, social poetic performance beyond common understanding of learning as cognitive processes of understanding or sense making

Iterating registration and activation detection to overcome activation bias in fMRI motion estimates

Abstract. Most intensity-based fMRI registration methods do not account for the fact that the volumes being aligned may differ: one may have blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast while the other does not. Especially in least-squares registration, this can result in motion parameter errors that are correlated to the stimulus. An iterative technique to overcome this activation bias is proposed and analyzed. The method, using mostly off-the-shelf software, is able to find the least-squares solution to both the registration and activation detection problems simultaneously. The resulting motion parameters and activation maps are considerably more accurate, yielding two-thirds fewer false-positive and one-third fewer false-negative activations.