Partie polityczne w świetle orzecznictwa włoskiego Sądu Konstytucyjnego

Elaborating from the organisation and functioning of the political parties in the legal order, and also in the light of the literature and the case-law both from the ordinary courts and the Court of cassation, the essay contributes to the debate focusing on the case-law of the Constitutional court. Its case-law is systematized considering the original position of recognising the constitutional relevance of parties in the electoral process and then the denial of their legitimacy to stand in a dispute among branches of government. Finally, it has been considered the recent decisions on electoral laws in which the focus is set on the direct relationship between voters and representative, so oriented to accept the decline of the role of political parties in the representation processes.In questa chiave di lettura, infatti, sarà possibile comprendere in maniera più compiuta il contributo che è stato fornito non soltanto dalla Corte costituzionale,ma anche e soprattutto dalla giurisprudenza di merito e da quella di legittimità nel garantire un sempre più penetrante sindacato a tutela del pluralismo associativoe dei singoli iscritti alle formazioni politiche, in relazione alla (scarna) disciplina sui partiti che connota l’ordinamento italiano a livello sia costituzionale,sia di legislazione ordinaria.Muovendo dall’angolo di visuale che mi è stato assegnato, si potrà quindi comprendere come e perché, nel caso italiano, la riflessione debba essere necessariamente allargata – per quanto lo spazio in questa sede lo consenta – al ruolo svolto dai giudici comuni nell’affermare e nell’assicurare la relativa giustiziabilità dei fondamentali principi di diritto che regolano il funzionamento dei partiti politici.Niniejszy artykuł porusza problematykę funkcjonowania partii politycznych w świetle orzecznictwa włoskiego Sądu Konstytucyjnego. Analiza ta poprzedzona jest omówieniem uregulowania roli partii we włoskim porządku prawnym, a także odwołaniem się do literatury i do orzecznictwa zarówno sądów powszechnych, jak i Sądu Kasacyjnego. Autor przedstawia wyraźną ewolucję orzecznictwa Sądu Konstytucyjnego w kwestii roli partii politycznych, prezentując jego pierwotną linię orzeczniczą, podkreślającą kluczowe znaczenie partii w systemie politycznym i w procesie wyborczym, aż do wypracowania stanowiska, zgodnie z którym partie polityczne stały się tylko jedną z wielu form, w której może wyrażać się udział obywateli w określeniu polityki państwa

Partie polityczne w świetle orzecznictwa włoskiego Sądu Konstytucyjnego

Elaborating from the organisation and functioning of the political parties in the legal order, and also in the light of the literature and the case-law both from the ordinary courts and the Court of cassation, the essay contributes to the debate focusing on the case-law of the Constitutional court. Its case-law is systematized considering the original position of recognising the constitutional relevance of parties in the electoral process and then the denial of their legitimacy to stand in a dispute among branches of government. Finally, it has been considered the recent decisions on electoral laws in which the focus is set on the direct relationship between voters and representative, so oriented to accept the decline of the role of political parties in the representation processes

The ESM and the Principle of Transparency

This note analyses a peculiar feature of the ESM, namely the lack of an acceptable set of standards for the fundamental democratic principle of transparency. Moving from the particular nature of this mechanism, we will highlight the most critical concerns connected to secrecy, confidentiality and inviolability of documents, looking not only at the ESM Treaty but also at relevant documents approved by its bodies (in particular the Code of Conduct and the By-Laws)

Mediterranean bioconstructions along the Italian coast

Marine bioconstructions are biodiversity-rich, three-dimensional biogenic structures, regulating key ecological functions of benthic ecosystems worldwide. Tropical coral reefs are outstanding for their beauty, diversity and complexity, but analogous types of bioconstructions are also present in temperate seas. The main bioconstructions in the Mediterranean Sea are represented by coralligenous formations, vermetid reefs, deep-sea cold-water corals, Lithophyllum byssoides trottoirs, coral banks formed by the shallow-water corals Cladocora caespitosa or Astroides calycularis, and sabellariid or serpulid worm reefs. Bioconstructions change the morphological and chemicophysical features of primary substrates and create new habitats for a large variety of organisms, playing pivotal roles in ecosystem functioning. In spite of their importance, Mediterranean bioconstructions have not received the same attention that tropical coral reefs have, and the knowledge of their biology, ecology and distribution is still fragmentary. All existing data about the spatial distribution of Italian bioconstructions have been collected, together with information about their growth patterns, dynamics and connectivity. The degradation of these habitats as a consequence of anthropogenic pressures (pollution, organic enrichment, fishery, coastal development, direct physical disturbance), climate change and the spread of invasive species was also investigated. The study of bioconstructions requires a holistic approach leading to a better understanding of their ecology and the application of more insightful management and conservation measures at basin scale, within ecologically coherent units based on connectivity: the cells of ecosystem functioning