La imposibilidad del multiculturalismo en una nación multicultural

Éste es un ensayo que busca aportar algunas ideas al todavía vigente debate en torno a que en México se ha impuesto un derecho nacional sin considerar las categorías particulares de las comunidades indígenas. Se propone una idea que gira en torno a si la existencia de un sistema jurídico con tendencia homogeneizadora, que porta un criterio monoétnico de escaso respeto al pluralismo jurídico y a la diversidad cultural, es compatible con la multiculturalidad real. La intención es evidenciar cómo la creación de un campo discursivo que haga visible a los indígenas no necesariamente se traduce en un sistema jurídico que posibilite su existencia ontológica. Asimismo, se trata de mostrar el proceso de construcción de alteridad que cumple la doble función de fuente de identidad nacional y de culturalización indígena con fines de visibilidad taxonómica que explican la diversidad pero también la utilizan

Grado de aceptacion del agroturismo en las familias talquinas pertenecientes a los G.S.E. ABC1 y C2-C3

170 p.Esta investigación, determina características cuantitativas y cualitativas de los potenciales demandantes de Agroturismo en la ciudad de Talca. En primer lugar se analizan conceptos claves, se definen terminologías como Agroturismo y Turismo de retorno, se analizan variables del marketing que orientan al fundamento y desarrollo de la investigación, se analiza la demanda y la oferta, así como la plantación de productos nuevos Luego se da paso a la metodología aplicada, donde el diseño del estudio comienza con una investigación cualitativa para luego aplicar la encuesta, analizar los datos y obtener las conclusiones del estudio, considerando un margen de error del 5,648%, un nivel de confianza del 95% y un tamaño maestral final de 180 cuestionarios, divididos en 30 ABC 1 y 150 C2C3. Dentro de los principales resultados se destaca el bajo conocimiento sobre el Agroturismo (39,4%), pero se percibe un escenario optimista confirmado por un alto grado de aceptación (81,7%) y participación en el prototipo Agroturistico propuesto (88,9%). Existe también una relativamente alta propensión a pagar (en promedio) por Agroturismo, en los jóvenes ($6.001 a$12.000), adultos ($6.001 a$12.000), tercera edad ($500 a$6.000) y niños ($500 a$6.000), lo que hace altamente competitivo a este tipo de turismo frente a otras alternativas. También es importante destacar, que aún se deben hacer muchos esfuerzos para introducir y mejorar el servicio y ofrecer lugares óptimos para el visitante; mas cómodos, acogedores y con sólida infraestructura vial, que le permitan a Chile aprovechar su naturaleza ventajosa como factor de posicionamiento a nivel internacional, de lo cual puede generar importantes beneficios para diversos sectores de la economía y, en especial, para el sector rural. El estudio aporta, entre otros, al conocimiento de las actitudes, motivaciones, intenciones y propensión a pagar por el prototipo agroturistico. Palabras Claves del Estudio: Agroturismo, Perfil del Turista, Propensión a Pagar, Percepciones, Intenciones, Ciclo de Vida, Atributos y Beneficios Buscados, Actitudes y Motivaciones

Oseltamivir-Resistant Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 Virus, Mexico

During May 2009–April 2010, we analyzed 692 samples of pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus from patients in Mexico. We detected the H275Y substitution of the neuraminidase gene in a specimen from an infant with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 who was treated with oseltamivir. This virus was susceptible to zanamivir and resistant to adamantanes and oseltamivir

Trends in the epidemiology of catheter-related bloodstream infections; towards a paradigm shift, Spain, 2007 to 2019

Altres ajuts: Departament de Salut. Generalitat de Catalunya ("Pla estratègic de recerca i innovació en salut (PERIS) 2019-2021"); Ministerio de Asuntos Económicos y Transformación Digital; Red Española de Investigación en Patología Infecciosa (REIPI).Background: Catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSI) are frequent healthcare-associated infections and an important cause of death. Aim: To analyse changes in CRBSI epidemiology observed by the Infection Control Catalan Programme (VINCat). Methods: A cohort study including all hospital-acquired CRBSI episodes diagnosed at 55 hospitals (2007-2019) in Catalonia, Spain, was prospectively conducted. CRBSI incidence rates were adjusted per 1,000patientdays. To assess the CRBSI rate trend per year, negative binomial models were used, with the number of events as the dependent variable, and the year as the main independent variable. From each model, the annual rate of CRBSI diagnosed per 1,000patientdays and the incidence rate ratio (IRR) with its 95% confidence intervals (CI) were reported. Results: During the study, 9,290 CRBSI episodes were diagnosed (mean annual incidence rate:0.20episodes/1,000patientdays). Patients' median age was 64.1years; 36.6% (3,403/9,290) were female. In total, 73.7% (n=6,845) of CRBSI occurred in non-intensive care unit (ICU) wards, 62.7% (n=5,822) were related to central venous catheter (CVC), 24.1% (n=2,236) to peripheral venous catheters (PVC) and 13.3% (n=1,232) to peripherally-inserted central venous catheters (PICVC). Incidence rate fell over the study period (IRR:0.94;95%CI:0.93-0.96), especially in the ICU (IRR:0.88;95%CI:0.87-0.89). As a whole, while episodes of CVC CRBSI fell significantly (IRR:0.88;95%CI:0.87-0.91), peripherally-inserted catheter CRBSI (PVC and PICVC) rose, especially in medical wards (IRR PICVC:1.08;95%CI:1.05-1.11; IRR PVC: 1.03; 95% 1.00-1.05). Conclusions: Over the study, CRBSIs associated with CVC and diagnosed in ICUs decreased while episodes in conventional wards involving peripherally-inserted catheters increased. Hospitals should implement preventive measures in conventional wards

Cabbage and fermented vegetables : From death rate heterogeneity in countries to candidates for mitigation strategies of severe COVID-19

Large differences in COVID-19 death rates exist between countries and between regions of the same country. Some very low death rate countries such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, or the Balkans have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods. Although biases exist when examining ecological studies, fermented vegetables or cabbage have been associated with low death rates in European countries. SARS-CoV-2 binds to its receptor, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). As a result of SARS-CoV-2 binding, ACE2 downregulation enhances the angiotensin II receptor type 1 (AT(1)R) axis associated with oxidative stress. This leads to insulin resistance as well as lung and endothelial damage, two severe outcomes of COVID-19. The nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) is the most potent antioxidant in humans and can block in particular the AT(1)R axis. Cabbage contains precursors of sulforaphane, the most active natural activator of Nrf2. Fermented vegetables contain many lactobacilli, which are also potent Nrf2 activators. Three examples are: kimchi in Korea, westernized foods, and the slum paradox. It is proposed that fermented cabbage is a proof-of-concept of dietary manipulations that may enhance Nrf2-associated antioxidant effects, helpful in mitigating COVID-19 severity.Peer reviewe

Nrf2-interacting nutrients and COVID-19 : time for research to develop adaptation strategies

There are large between- and within-country variations in COVID-19 death rates. Some very low death rate settings such as Eastern Asia, Central Europe, the Balkans and Africa have a common feature of eating large quantities of fermented foods whose intake is associated with the activation of the Nrf2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) anti-oxidant transcription factor. There are many Nrf2-interacting nutrients (berberine, curcumin, epigallocatechin gallate, genistein, quercetin, resveratrol, sulforaphane) that all act similarly to reduce insulin resistance, endothelial damage, lung injury and cytokine storm. They also act on the same mechanisms (mTOR: Mammalian target of rapamycin, PPAR gamma:Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor, NF kappa B: Nuclear factor kappa B, ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinases and eIF2 alpha:Elongation initiation factor 2 alpha). They may as a result be important in mitigating the severity of COVID-19, acting through the endoplasmic reticulum stress or ACE-Angiotensin-II-AT(1)R axis (AT(1)R) pathway. Many Nrf2-interacting nutrients are also interacting with TRPA1 and/or TRPV1. Interestingly, geographical areas with very low COVID-19 mortality are those with the lowest prevalence of obesity (Sub-Saharan Africa and Asia). It is tempting to propose that Nrf2-interacting foods and nutrients can re-balance insulin resistance and have a significant effect on COVID-19 severity. It is therefore possible that the intake of these foods may restore an optimal natural balance for the Nrf2 pathway and may be of interest in the mitigation of COVID-19 severity

Finishing the euchromatic sequence of the human genome

The sequence of the human genome encodes the genetic instructions for human physiology, as well as rich information about human evolution. In 2001, the International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium reported a draft sequence of the euchromatic portion of the human genome. Since then, the international collaboration has worked to convert this draft into a genome sequence with high accuracy and nearly complete coverage. Here, we report the result of this finishing process. The current genome sequence (Build 35) contains 2.85 billion nucleotides interrupted by only 341 gaps. It covers ∼99% of the euchromatic genome and is accurate to an error rate of ∼1 event per 100,000 bases. Many of the remaining euchromatic gaps are associated with segmental duplications and will require focused work with new methods. The near-complete sequence, the first for a vertebrate, greatly improves the precision of biological analyses of the human genome including studies of gene number, birth and death. Notably, the human enome seems to encode only 20,000-25,000 protein-coding genes. The genome sequence reported here should serve as a firm foundation for biomedical research in the decades ahead

Educación ambiental y sociedad. Saberes locales para el desarrollo y la sustentabilidad

EL LIBRO PERMITE REFLEXIONAR SOBRE LA IMPORTANCIA DE FOMENTAL LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL PARA RESOLVER LA PROBLEMÁTICA AMBIENTALEL LIBRO PRESENTA DIFERENTES TRABAJOS QUE ESTUDIAN EL TEMA D ELA SUSTENTABILIDAD, ENFATIZANDO LA IMPORTANCIA DE LA EDUCACIÓN AMBIENTAL Y LA TRANSDISCIPLINANINGUN

El hermano pequeño del cólera: Vibrio mimicus

ArtículosAntiguamente se consideraba al V. mimicus como una cepa atípica del V. cholerae, en la actualidad se reconoce como una especie diferente. Se sabe que es una bacteria que se encuentra de forma natural en peces, ostiones y crustáceos. Se le han caracterizado varios factores de virulencia y hay evidencias de que algunas cepas tiene la capacidad de producir provocar infecciones en el humano. En nuestro país este patógeno es ignorado, y por tanto no su busca rutinariamente en análisis de alimentos y en clínicos. La finalidad de este artículo es dar a conocer a este patógeno que puede ser un riesgo sanitarioAlthough V. mimicus was initially considered an atypical V. cholerae strain, it is currently recognized as a different species. This organism is naturally found in fish, oysters and crustaceans. Several V. mimicus virulence factors have been characterized, and certain strains are known to cause human infection. In Mexico, this pathogen is usually not considered and is not routinely screened for in food and clinical analysis. The purpose of this study is to call attention to this pathogen that may represent a sanitary ris