Relaciones históricas entre olmos y vides

In Spanish, the expression «You cannot ask an elm for pears» denotes something that is impossible. Although its origin is unknown, it can be dated back to the 1st century BC, when appeared the Latin maxim Pirum, non ulmum accedas, si cupias pira (You should go to a pear-tree for pears, not to an elm), a sentence from which we believe the Spanish saying comes. The objective of this paper is to show how the historical relationship of elms and vines can be related to these expressions, because elms did not give pears but, figuratively, did give grapes. The cultivation of vines was soon included among the domestic plants at the beginning of the Neolithic Age. During the Assyrian Empire (7th century BC), vines are represented growing up around pine-like trees. The first documentary evidence of the marriage between elms and vines is found in the Ancient Greece: a wine called Pteleaikós oinos is mentioned, which refers to the region where it was produced, Ptelea (Elm). During the Roman Ages, the cultivation of vines married to elms became more important as it is reflected in the treatises in agriculture. This technique was so common that it appears recurrently as a topic in Poetry and Drama. The classical books were copied during the Middle Ages, and only the Arabian agronomists in the Iberian Peninsula gave new evidence of the relationship between vines and elms in the 12th century. Some four hundred years later the use of elms as props for vines was rare in Spain and, although not to elms, the marriage of vines to trees lasted in the South of Spain until the 19th century. In Italy, elms and vines were even planted together in the 20th century, before the Dutch Elm Disease began to kill the plantations of trees and farmers were forced to replace them with poles.En castellano, la expresión «No se le puede pedir peras al olmo» indica algo imposible. A pesar de que su origen es desconocido, puede situarse en el siglo I A.C., cuando aparece la máxima latina Pirum, non ulmum accedas, si cupias pira (Al peral acude, no al olmo, si quieres peras), de la cual creemos que procede la expresión española. En este trabajo se pretende mostrar que la relación histórica de los olmos y las vides puede estar relacionada con estas expresiones en la medida en que los olmos no daban peras mas, en sentido figurado, daban uvas. La vid fue una de las primeras plantas cultivadas ya desde el comienzo del Neolítico. En el Imperio Asirio (s. VII A.C.), las vides aparecen representadas creciendo alrededor de árboles que se asemejan a pinos. La primera evidencia documental del maridaje de olmos y vides la encontramos en la Grecia Clásica, donde se menciona un vino llamado Pteleaikós oinos que hace referencia a la región dónde se producía, Ptelea (Olmo). Durante la época Romana el cultivo de las vides maridadas a los olmos adquiere mayor importancia, como se refleja en los tratados de agricultura. La práctica fue tan común que aparece de modo recurrente como tópico en la literatura. Los textos clásicos son copiados durante la Edad Media, y sólo los agrónomos árabes de la península Ibérica proporcionan nuevas evidencias de la relación entre vides y olmos ya en el siglo XII. Cuatro siglos después la utilización de olmos como tutores de las vides era rara en España, pero el maridaje de las vides con árboles, aunque no olmos, duró en el Sur de España hasta el siglo XIX. Sin embargo en Italia olmos y vides se plantaban juntos incluso en el siglo XX, antes de que la grafiosis comenzara a matar las plantaciones de árboles y los agricultores se vieran obligados a sustituirlos por postes

Dendro-anthracological tools applied to Scots type pine forests exploitation as fuel during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the southern central pre-Pyrenees (Spain)

This work focuses on the reconstruction of fuelwood procurement during the Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in the southern central Pre-Pyrenees (Spain). The study combines wood charcoal identification with the application of dendro-anthracological approaches in the archaeological sequence of Esplugón (9.4–6.8 kyr cal BP) (Sabiñanigo, Huesca). Scots type pine (Pinus sylvestris tp.) reaches in this record around 90% of exploited firewood in line with its abundance in the inner Iberia mountainous areas during the onset of the Holocene. The classification of pine wood fragments in anthraco-groups is based on the combination of different dendro-anthracological tools: i) pith location tool and wood diameter estimation based on the trigonomethric method tool (ADmodel), ii) the study of growth rate based on the annual tree-ring width measurements, and iii) a modern dendrological dataset. There are hardly any differences observed in firewood procurement between the last hunter-gatherers and the first farmers in the long sequences from rock-shelters with recurrent human occupations. First results from this site point to the exploitation of whole trees but a high use of small pine branches probably from the gathering of branch shedding

The male mouse meiotic cilium emanates from the mother centriole at zygotene prior to centrosome duplication

Cilia are hair-like projections of the plasma membrane with an inner microtubule skeleton known as axoneme. Motile cilia and flagella beat to displace extracellular fluids, playing important roles in the airways and reproductive system. On the contrary, primary cilia function as cell-type-dependent sensory organelles, detecting chemical, mechanical, or optical signals from the extracellular environment. Cilia dysfunction is associated with genetic diseases called ciliopathies and with some types of cancer. Cilia have been recently identified in zebrafish gametogenesis as an important regulator of bouquet conformation and recombination. However, there is little information about the structure and functions of cilia in mammalian meiosis. Here we describe the presence of cilia in male mouse meiotic cells. These solitary cilia formed transiently in 20% of zygotene spermatocytes and reached considerable lengths (up to 15–23 µm). CEP164 and CETN3 localization studies indicated that these cilia emanate from the mother centriole prior to centrosome duplication. In addition, the study of telomeric TFR2 suggested that cilia are not directly related to the bouquet conformation during early male mouse meiosis. Instead, based on TEX14 labeling of intercellular bridges in spermatocyte cysts, we suggest that mouse meiotic cilia may have sensory roles affecting cyst function during prophase IThis work was funded by BIOUAM02-2020 to J.P. and R.G. and grants PID2019-104941RB-I00 from MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and ACCI-2020 from CIBERER to F.G.

Regionalización de las migraciones residenciales interurbanas en Chile en el período 1997-2002

Los cambios de residencia interurbanos constituyen una manifestación de las interacciones entre ciudades de un sistema urbano. Los flujos migratorios conforman una red única y organizada, que emerge de las prácticas de los migrantes. La aplicación combinada de métodos de análisis de redes y análisis espacial a microdatos censales, ha permitido caracterizar la estructura de la red de flujos migratorios interurbanos en Chile en el quinquenio 1997-2002. Los resultados muestran que las migraciones residenciales interurbanas constituyen una red de flujos heterogéneos en cuanto a su magnitud y alcance espacial, pero su combinación genera una estructura jerarquizada y muy estable, compuesta por grupos de ciudades con fuertes interconexiones migratorias mutuas. La proximidad geográfica es uno de los factores más importantes que conforman esta estructura, junto con la dinámica territorial de la economía y la distribución y jerarquía de las infraestructuras de transportes y comunicaciones. Interurban residential changes are expressions of the interactions between cities of an urban system. Migratory flows shape a unique and organized network that emerges from the practices of migrants. An applied combination of network analysis and spatial analysis methods to census microdata has allowed characterizing the structure of the network of interurban migratory flows in Chile in the period 1997-2002. The results obtained show that interurban residential migrations shape a network of heterogeneous flows in terms of their magnitude and spatial extend. Nevertheless, their combination build a hierarchical and very stable structure, composed of groups of cities with strong reciprocal migratory interconnections. Geographical proximity is one of the most important factors shaping this structure, in addition to the territorial dynamics of the economy and the distribution and hierarchy of transport and communications infrastructures

The structure of employment centres in the metropolitan region of Santiago (Chile): spacial and funcional centralization

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Biomass-modulated fire dynamics during the last glacial-interglacial transition at the central pyrenees (Spain)

Understanding long-term fire ecology is essential for current day interpretation of ecosystem fire responses. However palaeoecology of fire is still poorly understood, especially at high-altitude mountain environments, despite the fact that these are fire-sensitive ecosystems and their resilience might be affected by changing fire regimes. We reconstruct wildfire occurrence since the Lateglacial (14.7. cal. ka BP) to the Mid-Holocene (6. cal. ka BP) and investigate the climate-fuel-fire relationships in a sedimentary sequence located at the treeline in the Central Spanish Pyrenees. Pollen, macro- and micro-charcoal were analysed for the identification of fire events (FE) in order to detect vegetation post-fire response and to define biomass-fire interactions. mean fire intervals (mfi) reduced since the Lateglacial, peaking at 9-7.7. cal. ka BP while from 7.7 to 6. cal. ka BP no fire is recorded. We hypothesise that Early Holocene maximum summer insolation, as climate forcing, and mesophyte forest expansion, as a fuel-creating factor, were responsible for accelerating fire occurrence in the Central Pyrenees treeline. We also found that fire had long-lasting negative effects on most of the treeline plant communities and that forest contraction from 7.7. cal. ka BP is likely linked to the ecosystem's threshold response to high fire frequencies.This research has been funded by the projects DINAMO (CGL2009-07992) (funding EGPF — grant ref. BES-2010-038593 and MSC), DINAMO2 (CGL2012-33063), ARAFIRE (2012 GA LC 064), GRACCIE-CONSOLIDER (CSD2007-00067). GGR was funded by the Juan de la Cierva Program (grant ref. JCI2009-04345) and JAE-Doc CSIC Program, LLM was supported by a postdoctoral MINT fellowship funded by the Institute for the Environment (Brunel University), AMC is a Ramón y Cajal fellow (ref: RYC-2008-02431), APS holds a grant funded by the Aragon Government (ref. 17030G/5423/480072/14003) and JAE holds a grant funded by the Basque Country Government (BFI-2010-5)

Productive Performance of Growing Cattle Grazing a Silvopastoral System with \u3cem\u3eLeucaena leucocephala\u3c/em\u3e

In tropical regions, the feeding of cattle is usually based on the grazing of medium to low quality grasses. Low fertility of soils, changing climatic conditions and the poor management of pastures, have further reduced the quality and forage yield of pastures. The low availability and quality of grasses gives modest weight gains for grazing cattle and this in-turn causes low economical efficiency of cattle production systems (Campos et al. 2011). Silvopastoral systems represent a sustainable option for meat and milk production in the tropics. The association of grasses with legumes such as Leucaena leucocephala (leucaena) supply forage with high concentration of crude protein (Barros et al. 2012). There are reports in the scientific literature which show that intake of leucaena can result in good rates of growth in cattle (e.g. Shelton and Dalzell 2007); however the presence of the free amino acid mimosine and its metabolites (3,4-DHP and 2,3-DHP) in leucaena when the anaerobic bacteria Synergistes jonesii (Allison et al. 1992) is absent from the rumen, may induce subclinical toxicity in grazing ruminants (Graham 2007; Dalzell et al. 2012; Phaikaew et al. 2012). There are no reports in Mexico regarding the rate of growth of cattle grazing silvopastoral systems with leucaena. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the rate of growth of cattle grazing an association of Panicum maximum and leucaena compared to that of cattle fed a high grain ration (feedlot)

Indicators of degradation and root biomass for meadow ecosystems in a watershed of Southern Santa Cruz province

Se planteó un estudio con el objetivo de analizar la asociación entre indicadores de deterioro del suelo y la vegetación, evaluar los cambios de esas variables entre sectores y condiciones de degradación, y monitorear parámetros del agua freática y la biomasa radical entre mallines con diferente condición de una cuenca hídrica del sur de Santa Cruz. En un sector húmedo bajo condición buena y en un sector húmedo y seco bajo condición moderada y muy degradada del mallín se determinaron, en dos fechas y durante tres años, la cobertura de especies con valor forrajero principal, especies indicadoras de degradación (EI), mantillo, suelo desnudo (SD), material muerto en pie y biomasa aérea disponible (B). En el suelo se determinó la resistencia mecánica (RM), la densidad aparente (Dap), el pH, la resistencia eléctrica (RE) y la materia orgánica (MO); en el agua freática, la conductividad eléctrica y la relación de absorción de sodio (RAS). En el sector húmedo del mallín se determinó la biomasa radical. Los valores de vegetación y suelo se analizaron mediante una prueba tri-factorial 2x2x3 (i.e., Sector [S, Húmedo y Seco], Fecha [diciembre y abril] y Condición [C, Buena, Moderadamente Degradada y Muy Degradada]). La prueba se incluyó en un diseño completamente aleatorizado (DCA), con tres repeticiones y un arreglo en parcelas subdivididas. El estudio identifcó variables de la vegetación y el suelo asociadas con la C y S del mallín. En los dos sectores bajo condición Muy Degradada se reportó mayor cobertura de EI(P<0.05) y menor B (P<0.05) del pastizal respecto de las condiciones restantes. La Dap fue superior (P<0.05) y la biomasa radical se redujo con una mayor degradación del mallín. Se concluye que es factible analizar la asociación de variables de la vegetación y suelo con la C y S del mallín, y explicar la variación de la biomasa radical según la condición de degradación.We conducted a study in order to analyze the association between vegetation and soil indicators, to assess the variation of these variables between sectors and condition of degradation, and to evaluate parameters of groundwater and root biomass between meadows with different condition in a watershed of southern Santa Cruz. Cover of the main forage species, litter, bare soil (BS), species that indicate degradation (IS), standing dead plant material and aerial biomass (B) were determined during three years in five contrasting meadow conditions (wet sector in good condition and wet and dry sectors in moderate and highly degraded conditions). Soil mechanical resistance, bulk density (BD), pH, electrical resistance, soil organic matter, groundwater electrical conductivity, sodium absorption ratio and root biomass were measured. Vegetation and soil variables were analyzed using an experiment tri-factorial 2x2x3 (i.e., Sector [S, Wet and Dry], Date [December and April] and Condition [C, Good, Moderate and Highly Degraded]). A completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications and subdivided plots arrangement was used. The study identified vegetation and soil variables associated with the C and S. Highly degraded meadows showed high IS and low AB values. BD was higher (P<0.05) in the highly deteriorated meadow. Root biomass was reduced with the deterioration of meadow. We conclude that it is possible to analyze the associate vegetation and soil variables with the C and S of meadow and explain the variation of radical biomass in relation to condition of degradation.Fil: Utrilla, Víctor R.. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; ArgentinaFil: Andrade, Miguel Alberto. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; ArgentinaFil: Billoni, Sabrina Loreley. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; ArgentinaFil: Rogel, Bibiana Claudia. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia Austral; ArgentinaFil: Peri, Pablo Luis. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentina. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria. Centro Regional Patagonia Sur. Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Santa Cruz; Argentin