203 research outputs found
A Posteriori Error Estimates for Nonconforming Approximations of Evolutionary Convection-Diffusion Problems
We derive computable upper bounds for the difference between an exact
solution of the evolutionary convection-diffusion problem and an approximation
of this solution. The estimates are obtained by certain transformations of the
integral identity that defines the generalized solution. These estimates depend
on neither special properties of the exact solution nor its approximation, and
involve only global constants coming from embedding inequalities. The estimates
are first derived for functions in the corresponding energy space, and then
possible extensions to classes of piecewise continuous approximations are
discussed.Comment: 10 page
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²: ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ
This paper describes the preconditions of creation and the process of development of the Automated System for Radiation Risk Analysis. Three main objectives for the development of an automated system for radiation risk analysis were identified: creation of a tool for the development and scientific justification of hygienic standards and other protective quantities in the field of ionizing radiation application; practical implementation of the principles of justification and optimization in radiation protection on the basis of monetary assessment of radiation health risks; and comparative analysis of risks of different nature on the basis of comparable indicators of population health. The Russian software platform 1C: Enterprise was chosen as the development platform for the Automatized System for Radiation Risk Analysis. The choice of this platform was related to simplification of integration with other computer systems being developed at the Research Institute of Radiation Hygiene after Prof. P.V. Ramzaev, such as the Automated System for Radiation Exposure Control of Rospotrebnadzor. Before the practical development of the system in accordance with the terms of reference, the main parameters in view of its interaction with the user were determined: arrangement of the user interface elements, main input parameters, primary calculated indicators and output calculation results, etc. The estimation of annual increase in the probability of radiation-induced malignant neoplasms depending on the organ dose, sex and age of the exposed person and other parameters according to the models of the UN Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Publications 103 and 152 of the International Commission on Radiological Protection was implemented in the system. The capabilities of the system include calculation of a number of modern lifetime radiation risk indicators used for risk characterization in various scientific publications over the last 35 years, including calculation of population risks based on national medical and demographic data of several dozen states published over the last 50 years.Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ»ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ 3 ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ²: ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ; ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π±ΡΠ»Π° Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Β«1Π‘: ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅Β». ΠΡΠ±ΠΎΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ Π.Π. Π Π°ΠΌΠ·Π°Π΅Π²Π°, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΌ β Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Ρ.ΠΏ. Π ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΠ° Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ·Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΠΠ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠ³Π΅Π½ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ Π‘Π¨Π ΠΈ ΠΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ 103 ΠΈ 152 ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
35 Π»Π΅Ρ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ 50 Π»Π΅Ρ
Minority and Majority Charge Carrier Mobility in Cu2ZnSnSe4 revealed by Terahertz Spectroscopy
The mobilities of electrons and holes determine the applicability of any semiconductor, but their individual measurement remains a major challenge. Here, we show that time resolved terahertz spectroscopy TRTS can distinguish the mobilities of minority and majority charge carriers independently of the doping type and without electrical contacts. To this end, we combine the well established determination of the sum of electron and hole mobilities from photo induced THz absorption spectra with mobility dependent ambipolar modeling of TRTS transients. The method is demonstrated on a polycrystalline Cu2ZnSnSe4 thin film and reveals a minority electron mobility of 128 cm2 V s and a majority hole carrier mobility of 7 cm2 V s in the vertical transport direction relevant for light emitting, photovoltaic and solar water splitting devices. Additionally, the TRTS analysis yields an effective bulk carrier lifetime of 4.4 ns, a surface recombination velocity of 6 104 cm s and a doping concentration of ca. 1016 cm 3, thus offering the potential for contactless screen novel optoelectronic material
Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ
The assessment of the radiation risk based on the data of the radiation-hygienic passports of the territories makes it possible to give a brief quantitative characteristic of the negative impact of sources of ionizing radiation on the health of the population of various regions of the Russian Federation at the population level. The calculation of individual indicators of radiation risk for the population of particular region of the Russian Federation is a time-consuming task that requires referring to radiation-hygienic passports of territories for particular years. Therefore, the purpose of the performed work was to develop specialized software designed to assess the indicators of radiation risk to the population of the Russian Federation according to the data of the radiation-hygienic certification system of territories. Automation of the calculation of radiation risk allows not only to simplify the calculation procedure but also to carry out a spatial-temporal analysis of risk in dynamics for different regions of the Russian Federation over long periods. The methodological basis for the software development is guideline MR 2.6.1.0145-19 βCalculation of radiation risk according to the data contained in the radiation-hygienic passports of the territories to provide a comprehensive comparative assessment of the radiation safety status of the population of the subjects of the Russian Federationβ. To achieve the set goal, two computer programs were developed: 1) to automate the process of calculating radiation risk based on the information contained in the radiation-hygienic passports of territories, a computer program βCalculation of radiation risk indicators according to RGPT dataβ; 2) for the spatial visualization of the calculations, a specialized geographic information system βRadiation risks of the population of the Russian Federation according to radiation-hygienic certification dataβ. The computer programs developed in the course of the work allow an automated calculation of radiation risk based on the data of radiation-hygienic passports of territories, visualize the spatially distributed results of calculating radiation risk, carry out a preliminary assessment of the state of radiation safety, based on the data contained in radiation-hygienic passports of territories using radiation risk indicators.Β ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. Π£ΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ΠΌΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Π·Π° ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π»Π° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π½ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π² Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π° Π΄Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ 2.6.1.0145-19 Β«Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ». ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Ρ 2 ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ: 1) Π΄Π»Ρ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ β ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Β«Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π ΠΠΡΒ»; 2) Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² β ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π³Π΅ΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Β«Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈΒ». Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ« Π ΠΠ‘Π-ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π: ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ Π Π‘ΠΠ’Π ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’Π ΠΠ‘Π’ΠΠΠ¬Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ Π’Π―ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ¨ΠΠΠΠ‘Π’Π ΠΠΠΠΠ―
Presumably in the first days of April 2013, the smelting of scrap metal occurred on the territory of the Electrostal Heavy Engineering Works without the use of radiation input control. An unspecified source of ionizing radiation, containing 137Cs in an unknown quantity, was melted. As a result of smelting, contamination of the territory of the plant and the adjacent territory of Elektrostal city occurred. The relevance of the study is due to the high social significance of this accident, which is confirmed by a large number of materials published in both federal and regional mass media. In total, for the period from 12.04.2013 to 12.05.2013, 129 materials were identified. In addition, the total number of video views on this accident on the YOUTUBE website exceeds the population of Electrostal city. The purpose of the study was to analyze the practice of crisis risk communication, used by various officials and specialists in connection with the radiation accident in the territory of the Electrostal Heavy Engineering Works in 2013. The study analyzed publications in the mass media, messages on official websites of departments, organizations and authorities involved in the emergency response, video materials on the YOUTUBE website, messages on Internet forums. In order to record, analyze and store publications, an automated information system for the analysis of publications, developed by specialists of the Rospotrebnadzor Information and Analytical Center for Radiation Safety of the Population was used. The analysis of crisis risk communication with the population conducted by government bodies and representatives of various departments in the liquidation of the consequences of a radiation accident on the territory of the Electrostal Heavy Engineering Works revealed a discrepancy between the real risk communication practices in the case of the radiation accident in Elektrostal with modern scientific recommendations for radiation risk communication. Individual cases of unreliable and mutually exclusive information provided by the authorities to citizens were identified, resulting in a rather negative response on the part of Internet users. As a result of the research, there was revealed a lack of response to information materials distributed on the Internet, devoted to a radiation accident on the part of official authorities. Information from the authorities aimed at appeasing the public, due to the critical perception of the information received from the authorities, was not taken seriously by a significant part of the population. It was shown that in order to reduce the negative consequences of ineffective information work with the public, it is necessary to develop methodological support for crisis risk communication and to introduce it into the everyday practice of Rospotrebnadzor through training and improving the skills of individuals involved in communication with the media, non-governmental organizations and the population.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π°Ρ
Π°ΠΏΡΠ΅Π»Ρ 2013 Π³. Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠ° Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π» Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠΎΠΏ 137Cs Π² Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅. Π ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π²ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΌΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π³. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ. ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π² ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π·Π° ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ Ρ 12.04.2013 Π³. ΠΏΠΎ 12.05.2013 Π³. Π±ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ 129 ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ youtube ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ»Π° Π² Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π΅ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² 2013 Π³. Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ°Ρ
Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ², ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ, Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ youtube, ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ-ΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ»Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° Π ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Ρ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π²Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ» Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² Π³. ΠΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π°Π½Π°ΠΌ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ: Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎΡ Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΡΡΠΏΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΎΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ² Π²Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π·Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π½Π°Π΄Π·ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π»ΠΈΡ, Π²ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎ Π‘ΠΠ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
Gravitational Lensing by Black Holes
We review the theoretical aspects of gravitational lensing by black holes,
and discuss the perspectives for realistic observations. We will first treat
lensing by spherically symmetric black holes, in which the formation of
infinite sequences of higher order images emerges in the clearest way. We will
then consider the effects of the spin of the black hole, with the formation of
giant higher order caustics and multiple images. Finally, we will consider the
perspectives for observations of black hole lensing, from the detection of
secondary images of stellar sources and spots on the accretion disk to the
interpretation of iron K-lines and direct imaging of the shadow of the black
hole.Comment: Invited article for the GRG special issue on lensing (P. Jetzer, Y.
Mellier and V. Perlick Eds.). 31 pages, 12 figure
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠ« ΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ§ΠΠΠΠ― ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ Π ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ: ΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ₯ΠΠΠΠ Π Π ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬Π‘ΠΠΠ₯ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ«Π₯ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘ΠΠ Π ΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ‘Π’Π Π Π‘ΠΠ¦ΠΠΠΠ¬ΠΠ«Π₯ Π ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ
One of the important stages of risk communication is the analysis of publications in traditional media and the Internet, which largely shape peopleβs attitudes to various issues. At the same time, the availability of large amounts of information relating to any subject area complicates the possibility of manual analysis and adequate description of all of the information. On the other hand, the availability of information causes the urgency of developing methods to improve the effectiveness of its analysis. One way to automate the analysis of large amounts of information is the development of databases or automated information systems containing information materials on the subject matter under study and suggesting the possibility of automated processing. The objective of this work is to analyze the experience of developing such systems and databases by the research teams of the St. Petersburg Institute of Radiation Hygiene and St. Petersburg State University and to identify key features of the use of bases Data for social research. The results of the analysis showed that the methodological approaches used were very close. The analysis is performed according to the method of autoethnographical research. The strategy application of the comparative analysis allows identifying common features characterizing the situation of development and implementation of databases to practice of the risk communication studies. The article discusses the features associated with them, the limitations of the primary data, such as text, discursive nature of most of the materials, information noise, high dependence on context, variability, different structure, format and appearance of materials. The important parameters for solving problems of the qualitative and quantitative analysis are given in the article. An important condition of creating effective, from the point of view of socio-communication studies information system is to implement the processing capabilities of the collected social data available to researchers programs. The requirement for automation of certain functions depends on a high degree of uniqueness of the materials, which is overcome only by the manual pre- and post-processing, which must be considered when designing research programs.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ ΠΊ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ. Π ΡΠΎ ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΊ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, Π·Π°ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π±Π°Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ. Π¦Π΅Π»ΡΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π‘Π°Π½ΠΊΡ-ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±ΡΡΠ³ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π°Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π»ΠΈ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ Π±Π°Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΡ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ: ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ, Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΌ, Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°, ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π½Π°Ρ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°Ρ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ΄ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ Π·ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ. Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΡΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ², ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅- ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π°Π²ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ
In the event of radiation accidents and incidents related to a possible threat to public health, one of the tools for forming health-saving behavior of the population, ensuring the social acceptability of protective measures and reducing social tension is crisis communication. Nuclear and radiation emergencies associated with the potential for radioactive contamination of large areas or the impact on the population can become the basis for the emergence of resonant information events. Properly organized crisis communication with the population in such situations is one of the necessary conditions for the effectiveness of emergency response. The article analyzes the impact on crisis risk communication of some features of nuclear and radiation events that have occurred in recent years. These events have had a significant impact on the possibility or impossibility of following the general principles of crisis communication, and provides examples of recommendations for adjusting information work if it is impossible to strictly follow the general principles of crisis communication in real circumstances. The study made it possible to identify the following features of the development of specific crisis situations that influenced the course of crisis communication and created a number of difficulties: 1) the latent nature of the early phase of the accident; 2) absence or deliberate concealment of information about a radiation accident; 3) the transboundary nature of the accident; 4) hidden (secret) nature of information about the accident; 5) an increase in the level of radiation anxiety among the population of the territories not affected by the accident; 6) the rapid formation and spread of myths; 7) projecting artistic images on a real accident. The analysis of the influence of the features of radiation accidents and incidents on the crisis communication allowed us to come to the following conclusions: 1) crisis communication is an important component of emergency response, affecting both the psychoemotional state of the population and the effectiveness of emergency measures related to the actions or inaction of the population; 2) the development of means of information interaction and methods of dissemination and consumption of information requires a revision of traditional methods of information work with the population; 3) the information should be timely, objective, consistent and understandable both for the public and for non-specialists in the field of radiation hygiene responsible for making management decisions; 4) information should not be presented in the form of short messages without explanations; 5) contradictory aggressive information received by the population from different sources may cause distrust of official sources of information; 6) if you do not provide up-to-date and objective information about the accident, the publicβs trust is very easy to lose and very difficult to restore.ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΡΠ±Π΅ΡΠ΅Π³Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΡΠΆΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ. Π Π°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π½Π° Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΎΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ². ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠΌ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ, ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ; ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°ΠΌ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
. Π Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²: 1) ΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ°Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·Ρ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ; 2) ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ; 3) ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ; 4) Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΡΠΉ (ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ) Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ± Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ; 5) ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π²ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ Π·Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ; 6) Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²; 7) ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ» ΠΏΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌ: 1) ΠΊΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊ-ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ; 2) ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ; 3) ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π·Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; 4) ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ; 5) ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°ΡΡ Π½Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ; 6) ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Sharp upper global a posteriori error estimates for nonlinear elliptic variational problems
Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ
adiation risks assessment in medical exposure of patients is one of the mandatory steps in justifying the medical radiological examinations. The main objectives of such assessment are the need for benefit-harm analysis, when prescribing a study, and informing patients or their legal representatives about the radiation risk associated with the recommended examination. The traditional approach to radiation risk assessment is the use of measures based on lifetime morbidity and/or mortality due to radiation exposure in risk characterization. However, the development of the methodology of population health assessment and the need to harmonize the methodology of radiation risk assessment with risks from exposure to factors of other nature imply the use of more informative generalized health indicators in the assessment of exposure to harmful environmental factors. The aim of actual work was to apply the developed methodology of radiation detriment assessment to characterize the risk by calculating DALY (number of years of healthy full life lost due to exposure to ionizing radiation) values for different sex and age groups of Russian patients undergoing computed tomography. To achieve this goal, the previously developed method of estimating the number of years of healthy life lost due to exposure to ionizing radiation was used. Calculations were performed with the use of a specially developed computer program based on the models of the International Commission on Radiological Protection using medical and demographic data of Russian population. The article presents the results of DALY calculation for six types of computed tomographic examinations. The use of DALY to characterize risk instead of the most widely used value of radiation detriment (or lifetime risk of death, relating the harm from the reduction in the quality of life in the case of non-fatal oncological disease) is an attempt to harmonize the methodology of radiation risk assessment with the methodologies of other kind of health risks. One of the directions of calculation results usage is the development of sexand age-dependent risk coefficients associated with medical exposure of patients. The analysis of the obtained results showed that the age distribution of risks agrees well with the data presented in the methodological recommendations MR 2.6.1.0215-20 βAssessment of radiation risk to patients in radiology examinationsβ. It is also shown that the DALY indicator can serve as a basis for comparative assessment of obtainable and avoidable risks in the field of medical radiation exposure of patients.ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² β ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·Π° β Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
Π·Π°ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ΅, ΡΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. Π’ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΊ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ΄Π½Π°ΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π»Π°ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ±Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ DALY (ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ) Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π° Π»Π΅Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ DALY Π΄Π»Ρ 6 Π²ΠΈΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ DALY Π΄Π»Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΈΠ±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ±Π° (ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π° ΠΎΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΊ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈ) ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΡ Π³Π°ΡΠΌΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ Π·Π΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡ-Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠ 2.6.1.0215-20 Β«ΠΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉΒ». Π’Π°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ DALY ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²
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