Considerations on handling link errors in SCTP

Today wireless network connections gain more and more importance. Yet a drawback of this technology is the higher packet error rate compared to wired networks. This has a negative impact on SCTP associations as packet loss is considered a congestion indication. The SCTP extension PKTDROP reacts to the notification of corrupted frames and circumvents the congestion control mechanism by retransmitting lost packets without changing the congestion window. In this paper we will point out the difference between TCP and SCTP due to message-orientation of SCTP and provide a formula to predict the throughput of an error-prone link, which can be beneficially applied for network planning. The validation of the PKTDROP extension will show that the effects of lossy links on the throughput can be fully compensated by this feature

SCTP - Evaluating, Improving and Extending the Protocol for Broader Deployment

Zugriff auf den Volltext ist gesperrt, neue Version unter DuEPublico-ID 35000 The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP), originally designed for the transport of signaling messages over IP based telephony signaling networks, is a general transport protocol with features suitable for a variety of applications that can benefit from multihoming, multiple streams, or one of SCTP’s numerous extensions. To date, SCTP has found its way into all kernel implementations of UNIX derivatives and a Windows prototype, but there are still flaws, which have to be identified and corrected. In this thesis, first, a suite of tools consisting of an SCTP simulation and testing environment is provided to lay the groundwork for further studies. Starting from comparing and analyzing kernel implementations, several aspects of the protocol that lead to undesirable behavior are examined. Congestion and flow control that are adopted from the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), although using the same mechanisms, need a special treatment because of SCTP’s message orientation. The analysis of the SCTP specific characteristics with the help of the simulation will finally result in solutions that lead to a better performance. The deployment of SCTP will be another concern that can be improved by introducing a specific Network Address Translation (NAT) for SCTP.Zugriff auf den Volltext ist gesperrt, neue Version unter DuEPublico-ID 35000 Das Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) wurde ursprünglich für den Transport von Signalisierungsnachrichten über IP basierte Netze konzipiert. Inzwischen hat es sich jedoch zu einem allgemeinen Transportprotokoll entwickelt, das einzigartige Eigenschaften besitzt. Daher ist es besonders für Anwendungen interessant, die von mehreren Netzwerkadressen pro Verbindung (Multihoming), mehreren unabhängigen Nachrichtenströmen oder einer der zahlreichen Protokollerweiterungen profitieren können. Mittlerweile hat SCTP in die Betriebssystemkerne aller UNIX-Derivate und eines Windows Prototyps Einzug gehalten, aber es gibt noch Mängel, deren Ursachen es zu entdecken und zu korrigieren gilt. In dieser Dissertation wird zunächst eine Reihe von Werkzeugen bereitgestellt, um die Grundlage für weitere Untersuchungen zu schaffen. Ausgehend von der Analyse und dem Vergleich von Implementierungen im Systemkern verschiedener Betriebssysteme werden einige Aspekte des Protokolls untersucht, die zu unerwünschtem Verhalten führen. Die Prinzipien der Überlast- und Flusskontrolle wurden vom stream-orientierten Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) übernommen und benutzen daher dieselben Mechanismen. SCTP als nachrichtenorientiertes Protokoll benötigt jedoch eine diesem Unterschied Rechnung tragende Implementierung der Algorithmen. Die Analyse von SCTP-spezifischen Charakteristika mithilfe der Simulation wird schließlich zu Lösungen führen und zu einer Verbesserung des Durchsatzes. Ein weiteres Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist die Verbreitung von SCTP. Sie kann durch die Einführung einer SCTP-spezifischen Methode zur Umsetzung von Netzwerkadressen (Network Address Translation (NAT)) verbessert werden

The regulation of cancer cell invasive behaviour by Chloride Interacellular Channel 3 (CLIC3) and Transglutaminasae 2

A study into the role of secreted CLIC3 in tumour cell invasion. The initiation and progression of cancers is thought to be linked to their relationship with a population of activated fibroblasts, which are associated with tumours. I have used an organotypic approach, in which plugs of collagen I are preconditioned with fibroblastic cells, to characterise the mechanisms through which carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) influence the invasive behaviour of tumour cells. I have found that immortalised cancer-associated fibroblasts (iCAFs) support increased invasiveness of cancer cells, and that this is associated with the ability of CAFs to increase the fibrillar collagen content of the extracellular matrix (ECM). To gain mechanistic insight into this phenomenon, an in-depth SILAC-based mass proteomic analysis was conducted, which allowed quantitative comparison of the proteomes of iCAFs and immortalised normal fibroblast (iNFs) controls. Chloride Intracellular Channel Protein 3 (CLIC3) was one of the most significantly upregulated components of the iCAF proteome. Knockdown of CLIC3 in iCAFs reduced the ability of these cells to remodel the ECM and to support tumour cell invasion through organotypic plugs. A series of experiments, including proteomic analysis of cell culture medium that had been preconditioned by iCAFs, indicated that CLIC3 itself was a component of the iCAF secretome that was responsible for the ability of iCAFs to drive tumour cell invasiveness. Moreover, addition of soluble recombinant CLIC3 (rCLIC3) was sufficient to drive the extension of invasive pseudopods in cancer cell lines, and to promote disruption of the basement membrane in a 3D in vitro model of the ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) transition. My investigation into the mechanism through which extracellular CLIC3 drives tumour cell invasiveness led me to focus on the relationship between CLIC3 and the ECM modifying enzyme, transglutaminase-2 (TG2). Through this, I have found that TG2 physically associates with CLIC3 and that TG2 is necessary for CLIC3 to drive tumour cell invasiveness. These data identifying CLIC3 as a key pro-invasive factor, which is secreted by CAFs, provides an unprecedented mechanism through which the stroma may drive cancer progression

Организация бухгалтерского учета: принципы, регулирование, формы и способы обработки информации в ООО «ХКФ Банк»

Целью выпускной квалификационной работы является анализ организации бухгалтерского учета в ООО "ХКФ Банк" (г. Новосибирск). Для достижения поставленной цели необходимо решить следующие задачи: ? изучить теоретические основы организации бухгалтерского учета в коммерческом банке; ? изучить формы и способы обработки информации в ООО "ХКФ Банк"; ? провести анализ организации бухгалтерского учета в ООО "ХКФ Банк"; ? предложить рекомендации по улучшению организации бухгалтерского учета в ООО "ХКФ Банк". Для исследования материала в работе были использованы такие эмпирические методы, как наблюдение и сравнение, а также эмпирико-теоретический метод анализа.To achieve this goal it is necessary to solve the following tasks: ? to study the theoretical foundations of the organization of accounting in a commercial bank; ? to study the forms and methods of processing information in "HCF Bank"; ? to analyze the organization of accounting in "HCF Bank"; ? to offer recommendations for improving the organization of accounting in "HCF Bank". To study the material in the work, empirical methods such as observation and comparison, as well as the empirical-theoretical analysis method were used

Anti-Inflammatory properties of Salograviolide A purified from Lebanese plant Centaurea ainetensis

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Licens

Expansion of the 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde Scaffold to Explore the Impact on Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity and Antiproliferative Activity in Prostate Cancer

YesAldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are overexpressed in various tumor types including prostate cancer and considered a potential target for therapeutic intervention. 4-(Diethylamino)benzaldehyde (DEAB) has been extensively reported as a pan-inhibitor of ALDH isoforms, and here, we report on the synthesis, ALDH isoform selectivity, and cellular potencies in prostate cancer cells of 40 DEAB analogues; three analogues (14, 15, and 16) showed potent inhibitory activity against ALDH1A3, and two analogues (18 and 19) showed potent inhibitory activity against ALDH3A1. Significantly, 16 analogues displayed increased cytotoxicity (IC50 = 10-200 μM) compared with DEAB (>200 μM) against three different prostate cancer cell lines. Analogues 14 and 18 were more potent than DEAB against patient-derived primary prostate tumor epithelial cells, as single agents or in combination treatment with docetaxel. In conclusion, our study supports the use of DEAB as an ALDH inhibitor but also reveals closely related analogues with increased selectivity and potency.S12-027/PCUK_/Prostate Cancer UK/United Kingdo

Sesquiterpenoids lactones: benefits to plants and people

Sesquiterpenoids, and specifically sesquiterpene lactones from Asteraceae, may play a highly significant role in human health, both as part of a balanced diet and as pharmaceutical agents, due to their potential for the treatment of cardiovascular disease and cancer. This review highlights the role of sesquiterpene lactones endogenously in the plants that produce them, and explores mechanisms by which they interact in animal and human consumers of these plants. Several mechanisms are proposed for the reduction of inflammation and tumorigenesis at potentially achievable levels in humans. Plants can be classified by their specific array of produced sesquiterpene lactones, showing high levels of translational control. Studies of folk medicines implicate sesquiterpene lactones as the active ingredient in many treatments for other ailments such as diarrhea, burns, influenza, and neurodegradation. In addition to the anti-inflammatory response, sesquiterpene lactones have been found to sensitize tumor cells to conventional drug treatments. This review explores the varied ecological roles of sesquiterpenes in the plant producer, depending upon the plant and the compound. These include allelopathy with other plants, insects, and microbes, thereby causing behavioural or developmental modification to these secondary organisms to the benefit of the sesquiterpenoid producer. Some sesquiterpenoid lactones are antimicrobial, disrupting the cell wall of fungi and invasive bacteria, whereas others protect the plant from environmental stresses that would otherwise cause oxidative damage. Many of the compounds are effective due to their bitter flavor, which has obvious implications for human consumers. The implications of sesquiterpenoid lactone qualitiesfor future crop production are discussed