Genome analysis of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. These attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. Despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. We have sequenced the genomes of one strain of S. sclerotiorum and two strains of B. cinerea. The comparative analysis of these genomes relative to one another and to other sequenced fungal genomes is provided here. Their 38–39 Mb genomes include 11,860–14,270 predicted genes, which share 83% amino acid identity on average between the two species. We have mapped the S. sclerotiorum assembly to 16 chromosomes and found large-scale co-linearity with the B. cinerea genomes. Seven percent of the S. sclerotiorum genome comprises transposable elements compared t

Genomic analysis of the necrotrophic fungal pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. These attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. Despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. We have sequenced the genomes of one strain of S. sclerotiorum and two strains of B. cinerea. The comparative analysis of these genomes relative to one another and to other sequenced fungal genomes is provided here. Their 38–39 Mb genomes include 11,860–14,270 predicted genes, which share 83% amino acid identity on average between the two species. We have mapped the S. sclerotiorum assembly to 16 chromosomes and found large-scale co-linearity with the B. cinerea genomes. Seven percent of the S. sclerotiorum genome comprises transposable elements compared to <1% of B. cinerea. The arsenal of genes associated with necrotrophic processes is similar between the species, including genes involved in plant cell wall degradation and oxalic acid production. Analysis of secondary metabolism gene clusters revealed an expansion in number and diversity of B. cinerea–specific secondary metabolites relative to S. sclerotiorum. The potential diversity in secondary metabolism might be involved in adaptation to specific ecological niches. Comparative genome analysis revealed the basis of differing sexual mating compatibility systems between S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The organization of the mating-type loci differs, and their structures provide evidence for the evolution of heterothallism from homothallism. These data shed light on the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of the genetically complex traits of necrotrophic pathogenicity and sexual mating. This resource should facilitate the functional studies designed to better understand what makes these fungi such successful and persistent pathogens of agronomic crops.Fil: Ten Have, Arjen. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Mar del Plata. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas; ArgentinaFil: Amselem, Joelle. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Cuomo, Christina A.. Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard; Estados UnidosFil: Jan, A. L. van Kan. Wageningen University; Países BajosFil: Viaud, Muriel. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Benito, Ernesto P.. Universidad de Salamanca; EspañaFil: Couloux, Arnaud. Centre National de Séquençage. Genoscope; FranciaFil: Coutinho, Pedro M.. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Vries, Ronald P. de. Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations; Países Bajos. Fungal Biodiversity Centre; Países BajosFil: Dyer, Paul S.. The University Of Nottingham; Reino UnidoFil: Fillinger, Sabine. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Fournier, Elisabeth. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Centre de coopération internationale en recherche agronomique pour le développement; FranciaFil: Gout, Lilian. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Hahn, Matthias. University Of Kaiserlautern; AlemaniaFil: Kohn, Linda. University Of Toronto; CanadáFil: Lapalu, Nicolas. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Plummer, Kim M.. la Trobe University; AustraliaFil: Pradier, Jean-Marc. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Quévillon, Emmanuel. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; Francia. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Sharon, Amir. Tel Aviv University. Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants; IsraelFil: Simon, Adeline. Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique; FranciaFil: Tudzynski, Bettina. Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; AlemaniaFil: Tudzynski, Paul. Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen; AlemaniaFil: Wincker, Patrick. Centre National de Séquençage. Genoscope; FranciaFil: Andrew, Marion. University Of Toronto; CanadáFil: Anthouard, Véronique. Centre National de Séquençage. Genoscope; FranciaFil: Beever, Ross E.. Landcare Research; Nueva ZelandaFil: Beffa, Rolland. Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique; FranciaFil: Benoit, Isabelle . Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations; Países BajosFil: Bouzid, Ourdia. Microbiology and Kluyver Centre for Genomics of Industrial Fermentations; Países Bajo

Genomic Analysis of the Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Botrytis cinerea are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. These attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. Despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. We have sequenced the genomes of one strain of S. sclerotiorum and two strains of B. cinerea. The comparative analysis of these genomes relative to one another and to other sequenced fungal genomes is provided here. Their 38–39 Mb genomes include 11,860–14,270 predicted genes, which share 83% amino acid identity on average between the two species. We have mapped the S. sclerotiorum assembly to 16 chromosomes and found large-scale co-linearity with the B. cinerea genomes. Seven percent of the S. sclerotiorum genome comprises transposable elements compared to <1% of B. cinerea. The arsenal of genes associated with necrotrophic processes is similar between the species, including genes involved in plant cell wall degradation and oxalic acid production. Analysis of secondary metabolism gene clusters revealed an expansion in number and diversity of B. cinerea–specific secondary metabolites relative to S. sclerotiorum. The potential diversity in secondary metabolism might be involved in adaptation to specific ecological niches. Comparative genome analysis revealed the basis of differing sexual mating compatibility systems between S. sclerotiorum and B. cinerea. The organization of the mating-type loci differs, and their structures provide evidence for the evolution of heterothallism from homothallism. These data shed light on the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of the genetically complex traits of necrotrophic pathogenicity and sexual mating. This resource should facilitate the functional studies designed to better understand what makes these fungi such successful and persistent pathogens of agronomic crops

Les sites fortifiés de hauteur de La Tène finale en Basse-Normandie

International audienceOf the fifty nine hillforts presently identified in Lower-Normandy, nine are known to belong to the Late La Tene period. These include only six which are considered as oppida, their sizes ranging between 20 and 167 hectares. The remaining three sites are smaller agglomerations, covering no more than 7 hectares. The scant information available on these sites mainly concerns their fortification systems. Recent archaeological work, particularly that undertaken for a Collective Research Programme, has allowed gaps in our knowledge of these early urban sites to be filled.Nous pouvons retenir neuf sites attribuables à La Tène finale parmi les cinquante-neuf sites fortifiés de hauteur répertoriés en Basse-Normandie. Parmi eux, six sont considérés comme des oppida avec des dimensions comprises entre 20 et 167 hectares. Les trois derniers semblent correspondre à de petites agglomérations dont la superficie ne dépasse pas 7 hectares. Les informations, souvent modestes, concernant ces sites, restent généralement cantonnées à l’étude du système défensif. Les travaux archéologiques entrepris récemment, notamment dans le cadre d’un PCR, comble progressivement les lacunes de nos connaissances sur ces premiers sites urbains

Les sites fortifiés de hauteur de La Tène finale en Basse-Normandie

International audienceOf the fifty nine hillforts presently identified in Lower-Normandy, nine are known to belong to the Late La Tene period. These include only six which are considered as oppida, their sizes ranging between 20 and 167 hectares. The remaining three sites are smaller agglomerations, covering no more than 7 hectares. The scant information available on these sites mainly concerns their fortification systems. Recent archaeological work, particularly that undertaken for a Collective Research Programme, has allowed gaps in our knowledge of these early urban sites to be filled.Nous pouvons retenir neuf sites attribuables à La Tène finale parmi les cinquante-neuf sites fortifiés de hauteur répertoriés en Basse-Normandie. Parmi eux, six sont considérés comme des oppida avec des dimensions comprises entre 20 et 167 hectares. Les trois derniers semblent correspondre à de petites agglomérations dont la superficie ne dépasse pas 7 hectares. Les informations, souvent modestes, concernant ces sites, restent généralement cantonnées à l’étude du système défensif. Les travaux archéologiques entrepris récemment, notamment dans le cadre d’un PCR, comble progressivement les lacunes de nos connaissances sur ces premiers sites urbains

Les sites fortifiés de hauteur de La Tène finale en Basse-Normandie

International audienceOf the fifty nine hillforts presently identified in Lower-Normandy, nine are known to belong to the Late La Tene period. These include only six which are considered as oppida, their sizes ranging between 20 and 167 hectares. The remaining three sites are smaller agglomerations, covering no more than 7 hectares. The scant information available on these sites mainly concerns their fortification systems. Recent archaeological work, particularly that undertaken for a Collective Research Programme, has allowed gaps in our knowledge of these early urban sites to be filled.Nous pouvons retenir neuf sites attribuables à La Tène finale parmi les cinquante-neuf sites fortifiés de hauteur répertoriés en Basse-Normandie. Parmi eux, six sont considérés comme des oppida avec des dimensions comprises entre 20 et 167 hectares. Les trois derniers semblent correspondre à de petites agglomérations dont la superficie ne dépasse pas 7 hectares. Les informations, souvent modestes, concernant ces sites, restent généralement cantonnées à l’étude du système défensif. Les travaux archéologiques entrepris récemment, notamment dans le cadre d’un PCR, comble progressivement les lacunes de nos connaissances sur ces premiers sites urbains

Les sites fortifiés de hauteur de La Tène finale en Basse-Normandie

International audienceOf the fifty nine hillforts presently identified in Lower-Normandy, nine are known to belong to the Late La Tene period. These include only six which are considered as oppida, their sizes ranging between 20 and 167 hectares. The remaining three sites are smaller agglomerations, covering no more than 7 hectares. The scant information available on these sites mainly concerns their fortification systems. Recent archaeological work, particularly that undertaken for a Collective Research Programme, has allowed gaps in our knowledge of these early urban sites to be filled.Nous pouvons retenir neuf sites attribuables à La Tène finale parmi les cinquante-neuf sites fortifiés de hauteur répertoriés en Basse-Normandie. Parmi eux, six sont considérés comme des oppida avec des dimensions comprises entre 20 et 167 hectares. Les trois derniers semblent correspondre à de petites agglomérations dont la superficie ne dépasse pas 7 hectares. Les informations, souvent modestes, concernant ces sites, restent généralement cantonnées à l’étude du système défensif. Les travaux archéologiques entrepris récemment, notamment dans le cadre d’un PCR, comble progressivement les lacunes de nos connaissances sur ces premiers sites urbains

Genomic Analysis of the Necrotrophic Fungal Pathogens <i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> and <i>Botrytis cinerea</i>

<div><p><i>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</i> and <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> are closely related necrotrophic plant pathogenic fungi notable for their wide host ranges and environmental persistence. These attributes have made these species models for understanding the complexity of necrotrophic, broad host-range pathogenicity. Despite their similarities, the two species differ in mating behaviour and the ability to produce asexual spores. We have sequenced the genomes of one strain of <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> and two strains of <i>B. cinerea</i>. The comparative analysis of these genomes relative to one another and to other sequenced fungal genomes is provided here. Their 38–39 Mb genomes include 11,860–14,270 predicted genes, which share 83% amino acid identity on average between the two species. We have mapped the <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> assembly to 16 chromosomes and found large-scale co-linearity with the <i>B. cinerea</i> genomes. Seven percent of the <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> genome comprises transposable elements compared to <1% of <i>B. cinerea</i>. The arsenal of genes associated with necrotrophic processes is similar between the species, including genes involved in plant cell wall degradation and oxalic acid production. Analysis of secondary metabolism gene clusters revealed an expansion in number and diversity of <i>B. cinerea</i>–specific secondary metabolites relative to <i>S. sclerotiorum</i>. The potential diversity in secondary metabolism might be involved in adaptation to specific ecological niches. Comparative genome analysis revealed the basis of differing sexual mating compatibility systems between <i>S. sclerotiorum</i> and <i>B. cinerea</i>. The organization of the mating-type loci differs, and their structures provide evidence for the evolution of heterothallism from homothallism. These data shed light on the evolutionary and mechanistic bases of the genetically complex traits of necrotrophic pathogenicity and sexual mating. This resource should facilitate the functional studies designed to better understand what makes these fungi such successful and persistent pathogens of agronomic crops.</p></div