Analisis Dan Evaluasi Jabatan Dengan Metode Point Sistem Untuk Menentukan Upah Pada PT Astra Internasional Auto 2000 Cabang Medan

PT Astra International 2000 Cabang Medan, dalam memperhatikan kesejahteraan adalah dengan analisis jabatan yang dapat menyeimbangkan antara tanggung jawab yang diemban  kepada karyawan dengan upah yang diterima karyawan tersebut. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan nilai-nilai relative dari kelompok jabatan pelaksana didepartemen service yang berstatus karyawan tetap. Metode evaluasi jabatan yang dipergunakan untuk menentukan gaji/ upah karyawan adalah dengan metode point sistem (Metode Angka) karena metode ini lebih objektif dibandingkan metode lain yang ada. Dari hasil analisis dan evaluasi jabatan ini penulis memperoleh nilai point terendah yaitu 139 dengan gaji yang disarankan 1.131.606,04 untuk jabatan lubing dan nilai point jabatan yang tertinggi yaitu 334 dengan gaji yang disarankan 2.686.407,34 untuk jabatan mekanik. Berdasarkan nilai point yang diperoleh maka ditentukan besar gaji yang disarankan dengan metode least square atau jumlah kuadrat terkecil dengan persamaan regresi Y= 23311,78 + 7973,34 (X

Components of the diet and it relation to dental caries: A review

Each and every living organism gets nutrition through diet. Diet contains various major components such as carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, lipids and proteins. These major components of diet are further divided into minor ingredients.  These minor ingredients play a major role prevention or reduction in dental caries

Elaeis oleifera Genomic-SSR Markers: Exploitation in Oil Palm Germplasm Diversity and Cross-Amplification in Arecaceae

Species-specific simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers are favored for genetic studies and marker-assisted selection (MAS) breeding for oil palm genetic improvement. This report characterizes 20 SSR markers from an Elaeis oleifera genomic library (gSSR). Characterization of the repeat type in 2000 sequences revealed a high percentage of di-nucleotides (63.6%), followed by tri-nucleotides (24.2%). Primer pairs were successfully designed for 394 of the E. oleifera gSSRs. Subsequent analysis showed the ability of the 20 selected E. oleifera gSSR markers to reveal genetic diversity in the genus Elaeis. The average Polymorphism Information Content (PIC) value for the SSRs was 0.402, with the tri-repeats showing the highest average PIC (0.626). Low values of observed heterozygosity (Ho) (0.164) and highly positive fixation indices (Fis) in the E. oleifera germplasm collection, compared to the E. guineensis, indicated an excess of homozygosity in E. oleifera. The transferability of the markers to closely related palms, Elaeis guineensis, Cocos nucifera and ornamental palms is also reported. Sequencing the amplicons of three selected E. oleifera gSSRs across both species and palm taxa revealed variations in the repeat-units. The study showed the potential of E. oleifera gSSR markers to reveal genetic diversity in the genus Elaeis. The markers are also a valuable genetic resource for studying E. oleifera and other genus in the Arecaceae family

Quantification of R-Fuzzy sets

The main aim of this paper is to connect R-Fuzzy sets and type-2 fuzzy sets, so as to provide a practical means to express complex uncertainty without the associated difficulty of a type-2 fuzzy set. The paper puts forward a significance measure, to provide a means for understanding the importance of the membership values contained within an R-fuzzy set. The pairing of an R-fuzzy set and the significance measure allows for an intermediary approach to that of a type-2 fuzzy set. By inspecting the returned significance degree of a particular membership value, one is able to ascertain its true significance in relation, relative to other encapsulated membership values. An R-fuzzy set coupled with the proposed significance measure allows for a type-2 fuzzy equivalence, an intermediary, all the while retaining the underlying sentiment of individual and general perspectives, and with the adage of a significantly reduced computational burden. Several human based perception examples are presented, wherein the significance degree is implemented, from which a higher level of detail can be garnered. The results demonstrate that the proposed research method combines the high capacity in uncertainty representation of type-2 fuzzy sets, together with the simplicity and objectiveness of type-1 fuzzy sets. This in turn provides a practical means for problem domains where a type-2 fuzzy set is preferred but difficult to construct due to the subjective type-2 fuzzy membership

Curcuma longa L. Zingiberaceae

Amomum curcuma Jacg. (1776); Curcuma domestica Val. (1918

IN VIVO CHARACTERIZATION OF SYNGENEIC, ORTHOTOPIC MOUSE MODEL OF COX-2 POSITIVE RENAL CELL CANCER

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the third most common genito-urinary cancer. Beyond surgery, few other treatment options for RCC exist and about one-third of the patients who have had nephrectomy develop metastasis subsequently. The treatment of the metastatic disease remains a clinical challenge. Hence, novel therapeutic options are necessary for the patients with metastatic RCC. Immunotherapy is the most common mode of treatment in RCC presently; however, it contributes to a large number of toxic side effects to the patients. The immunotherapeutic regimens currently used to treat metastatic renal cancer are recombinant human interleukin -2 (IL-2) and recombinant human interferon alpha alone or in combination. However, the uses of these high dose cytokines are limited by their toxicity and poor patient response rates. Preclinical studies in animal tumor models of RCC are required to address the newer and effective therapeutic approaches for late stage metastatic RCC. A suitable animal model for studying RCC is lacking. Hence, development of a novel animal model would largely contribute in testing newer therapeutics and combating the metastatic disease. Cyclooxygenases are group of enzymes that catalyze the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins (PGE2). It comprises of two isoforms Cox-1 and Cox-2. Previous studies have implicated the potential role of Cox-2 in carcinogenesis and the expression of Cox-2 have been reported in colorectal, lung, breast, gastric and esophageal carcinomas. Cox-2 is also highly expressed in RCC and a potential biomarker in RCC. Based on emerging clinical evidences on the role of Cox-2 in several malignancies, we hypothesize that overexpression of Cox-2 in RCC promotes tumor growth and metastasis. Selective Cox-2 inhibitors act by inhibiting PGE2 synthesis and have been shown to retard tumor formation, metastasis, and angiogenesis. They induce apoptosis and inhibit the PGE2 induced immunosupression. Thus, a specific Cox-2 inhibitor like indomethacin or NS398 would be able to inhibit the tumorigenic properties of Cox-2, thereby attenuating tumor growth and dissemination to other organs. In this context, we injected the Cox-2 engineered Renca cell lines (COX2 -ve and COX2 +ve) in the subcapsular space of kidney of a Balbc/Cr mice. This resulted in the tumor growth, which was monitored by bioluminescence imaging (BLI) for a period of three weeks post-inoculation. Metastases were evident in distant organs such as lung, liver, spleen and lymph nodes. This was expressed as luciferase activity per milligram of protein of the particular tissue normalized with the background luciferase activity per milligram of the tissue from control (non-injected mice). Thus, the animal model was established and validated in our preliminary studies. To address the potential role of PGE2 in the tumor microenvironment, tumors were harvested and then processed for assessment by histology and immunohistochemistry. Initial characterization studies included immunohistochemical assessment of tumor vasculature as elucidated by staining with specific markers for lymphatic vessels (LYVE-1), blood endothelium (CD31) and tumor infiltrating macrophages (Cd11b). Macrophage recruitment close to the LYVE-1+ structures were also determined by the double positive events obtained by staining with both CD11b and LYVE-1. A large number of peripheral (18%±2.79), intratumoral (12%±3) and marginal (7%±2.01) LYVE-1+ve structures were found in PGE2 producing tumor than in the control tumor. Although, the frequency of blood vessels in both the tumor types were unaltered, however, an increased vascular area was obtained in the COX2 +ve tumor than in COX2 -ve tumor. There was a significant increase in the frequency of infiltrating macrophages in the peripheral (25%± 3.86), intratumoral (10%± 3.93) and tumor-kidney margin of COX-2 positive tumors (10%± 2.34) than in the COX-2 negative tumors (12% ± 2.36, 0% and 0%) respectively. Frequency of the blood vessels in both the tumors were unaltered, however, a significant increase in the mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) in the peripheral region (4.3±0.1) of COX2 +ve tumor was observed when compared to COX2 -ve tumors (2.3±0.05). These preliminary studies indicate the potential role of PGE2 in promoting tumor vasculature, increased macrophage recruitment within the tumors and tumor-kidney margins. In our initial studies, a significant enrichment of LYVE-1+ve macrophages were observed in the kidney-tumor sections of the COX2 +ve mice, which might indicate that, PGE2 may promote differentiation of the macrophages into a lymphatic phenotype. Thus, this animal model would further help in thorough characterization of other immune infiltrating cells like CD8+ T cells and NK cells and thereby lead us to identify the cause of immune dysregulation in renal cell carcinoma due to RCC derived soluble factors like PGE2 and TGF-beta. Furthermore, treatment with Cox-2 inhibitors like NS-398 should retard tumor growth, metastases, immune cell dysregulation, and tumor vasculature

TGIF 1 functions as a tumor suppressor in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

International audienc