Micro and nanostrips in spintronics: How to keep them cool

[EN] This tutorial explores the problem of Joule heating on metallic micro or nanostrips, still one of the most popular geometries in modern spintronics. Many of the effects that result from the interaction of a spin polarized current and the local magnetization, require of a sizeable current density. This implies, quite often, an unneglectable Joule heating. Despite the few articles devoted to some aspects of Joule heating, there is still disinformation and many misconceptions in this topic, which is key for the correct interpretation of the scientific results. In this tutorial, we highlight the material parameters that are important to keep the temperature of the strip under control and those that give only a marginal advantage. In the vast majority of papers, at least one of these parameters is missing. We also focus on some misconceptions, such as the belief that performing the measurement on a cryostat, rules Joule heating out. In fact, for a fixed current density, measuring in a cryostat decreases the temperature but not enough to justify the use of such a costly measuring set-up. At the practical level, we put forward a 1D model to calculate, in few seconds, if Joule heating is present and if it should be taken into account when interpreting the results. Finally, and importantly, we describe a simple fabrication route to enhance the dissipation of heat in the strip considerably. This fabrication strategy is more effective at keeping the temperature under control than performing the experiment at cryogenic temperatures.Project MAT2017-87072-C4-3-P and MAT2017-87072-C4-1-P from the Spanish government Project No. SA299P18 from Consejería de Educación Junta de Castilla y Leó

Predictors of positive (18) F-FDG PET/CT-scan for large vessel vasculitis in patients with persistent polymyalgia rheumatica

Objective: Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is often the presenting manifestation of giant cell arteritis (GCA). Fluorine-18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scan often discloses the presence of large vessel vasculitis (LVV) in PMR patients. We aimed to identify predictive factors of a positive PET/CT scan for LVV in patients classified as having isolated PMR according to well-established criteria. Methods: A set of consecutive patients with PMR from a single hospital were assessed. All of them underwent PET/CT scan between January 2010 and February 2018 based on clinical considerations. Patients with PMR associated to other diseases, including those with cranial features of GCA, were excluded. The remaining patients were categorized in classic PMR (if fulfilled the 2012 EULAR/ACR classification criteria at disease diagnosis; n=84) or atypical PMR (who did not fulfill these criteria; n=16). Only information on patients with classic PMR was assessed. Results: The mean age of the 84 patients (51 women) with classic PMR was 71.4±9.2 years. A PET/CT scan was positive in 51(60.7%). Persistence of classic PMR symptoms was the most common reason to perform a PET/CT scan. Nevertheless, patients with positive PET/CT scan often had unusual symptoms. The best set of predictors of a positive PET/CT scan were bilateral diffuse lower limb pain (OR=8.8, 95% CI 1.7-46.3; p=0.01), pelvic girdle pain (OR=4.9, 95% CI 1.50-16.53; p=0.01) and inflammatory low back pain (OR=4.7, 95% CI 1.03-21.5; p=0.04). Conclusion: Inflammatory low back pain, pelvic girdle and diffuse lower limb pain are predictors of positive PET/CT scan for LVV in PMR

Tocilizumab in giant cell arteritis. Observational, open-label multicenter study of 134 patients in clinical practice

OBJECTIVE: Tocilizumab (TCZ) has shown efficacy in clinical trials on giant cell arteritis (GCA). Real-world data are scarce. Our objective was to assess efficacy and safety of TCZ in unselected patients with GCA in clinical practice Methods: Observational, open-label multicenter study from 40 national referral centers of GCA patients treated with TCZ due to inefficacy or adverse events of previous therapy. Outcomes variables were improvement of clinical features, acute phase reactants, glucocorticoid-sparing effect, prolonged remission and relapses. A comparative study was performed: (a) TCZ route (SC vs. IV); (b) GCA duration (?6 vs. >6 months); (c) serious infections (with or without); (d) ?15 vs. >15 mg/day at TCZ onset. RESULTS: 134 patients; mean age, 73.0 ± 8.8 years. TCZ was started after a median [IQR] time from GCA diagnosis of 13.5 [5.0-33.5] months. Ninety-eight (73.1%) patients had received immunosuppressive agents. After 1 month of TCZ 93.9% experienced clinical improvement. Reduction of CRP from 1.7 [0.4-3.2] to 0.11 [0.05-0.5] mg/dL (p < 0.0001), ESR from 33 [14.5-61] to 6 [2-12] mm/1st hour (p < 0.0001) and decrease in patients with anemia from 16.4% to 3.8% (p < 0.0001) were observed. Regardless of administration route or disease duration, clinical improvement leading to remission at 6, 12, 18, 24 months was observed in 55.5%, 70.4%, 69.2% and 90% of patients. Most relevant adverse side-effect was serious infections (10.6/100 patients-year), associated with higher doses of prednisone during the first three months of therapy. CONCLUSION: In clinical practice, TCZ yields a rapid and maintained improvement of refractory GCA. Serious infections appear to be higher than in clinical trials

I.amAble: la ciencia (química) al alcance de toda la sociedad

En este proyecto de innovación, que nace con vocación de continuar en años sucesivos, se persigue mejorar la calidad de la formación de los estudiantes de la Facultad de Ciencias Químicas (F. CC.QQ.) en el ámbito de la docencia teórico-práctica y de la divulgación científica. El trabajo ha consistido en la preparación de unos experimentos prácticos para llevarlos a cabo en centros educativos no universitarios en los que se ha tenido en cuenta la participación conjunta de personas con y sin diversidad funcional, desde una perspectiva inclusiva colaborativa. Estas actividades las han realizado los estudiantes bajo la supervisión de profesores (PDI) y personal de administración y servicios (PAS). Los experimentos se han recogido en fichas didácticas para facilitar su desarrollo y aplicación por parte de otros usuarios. En estas fichas se explica detalladamente cómo realizar las experiencias en formato de taller. Las fichas de los talleres realizados están disponibles en una página web vinculada a la Universidad Complutense bajo el título I.amAble (iamable.ucm.es). Está página ha sido construida por un estudiante de la Facultad de Informática , bajo la supervisión de profesionales, tanto de esa facultad como del Instituto de Tecnología del Conocimiento, y está abierta a contribuciones similares de otras facultades y otras instituciones. La página web está diseñada de manera que resulte lo más intuitiva y accesible posible para todo tipo de público. Entre todos los experimentos se han elegido cuatro para llevarlos a la práctica en centros educativos como actividades inclusivas en las que han participado conjuntamente personas con y sin discapacidad. Con este proyecto se pretende mejorar la calidad docente al ofrecer a los estudiantes la posibilidad de aprender enseñando mediante una actividad semipresencial. El desarrollo por parte de los estudiantes de competencias transversales en educación y en divulgación de la ciencia facilitarán algunas salidas profesionales en el ámbito educativo formal (centros de enseñanza) o informal (museos, animación sociocultural). Otro aspecto importante a resaltar es la potenciación de la colaboración entre todos los miembros de la institución universitaria. Este proyecto pretende contribuir a la mejora de la cultura científica, así como al establecimiento de puentes entre la UCM y la sociedad a la que debe servir. Finalmente, es importante subrayar que incidirá en la inclusión de las personas con discapacidad como parte de la sociedad, a través del acercamiento compartido a la ciencia (Dimensiones de inclusión social y derechos de Schalock; NAVAS MACHO, P. y otros, 2012. Derechos de las personas con discapacidad intelectual: implicaciones de la Convención de Naciones Unidas. Siglo Cero. 43 (243): 7-28.)

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

PhDAY 2020 -FOO (Facultad de Óptica y Optometría)

Por cuarto año consecutivo los doctorandos de la Facultad de Óptica y Optometría de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid cuentan con un congreso propio organizado por y para ellos, el 4º PhDAY- FOO. Se trata de un congreso gratuito abierto en la que estos jóvenes científicos podrán presentar sus investigaciones al resto de sus compañeros predoctorales y a toda la comunidad universitaria que quiera disfrutar de este evento. Apunta en tu agenda: el 15 de octubre de 2020. En esta ocasión será un Congreso On-line para evitar que la incertidumbre asociada a la pandemia Covid-19 pudiera condicionar su celebración

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

Reconstrucción histórica, estructural, hidrológica, hidráulica y socioeconómica de la catástrofe de Ribadelago (rotura de la presa de Vega de Tera)

No resulta sencillo analizar un suceso cuyo resultado es la pérdida de vidas humanas. Menos aún cuando se concluye que un fallo de la técnica, universalmente aceptado hasta ese momento, fue el origen de la rotura de la presa de Vega de Tera y se llevó por delante la vida de 144 personas en la medianoche del 9 de enero de 1959. Y es que 7,8 Hm3 de agua desplazándose a gran velocidad por el angosto valle del río Tera, representan una amenaza difícilmente evitable, y capaz de producir un daño de dimensiones proporcionales a esa amenaza. En este trabajo de investigación, una vez caracterizado estructural e hidrológicamente el escenario de la rotura de la presa y la posterior avenida, a partir de toda la información disponible del suceso, desde el proyecto de la presa, hasta los informes periciales realizados para esclarecer las causas del desastre, se ha elaborado un modelo conceptual que ha definido el comportamiento de un sistema tremendamente complejo. A partir del modelo conceptual se han caracterizado: la estructura de la presa (de gravedad aligerada con contrafuertes de mampostería y pantalla plana de hormigón), las características geomecánicas de la cerrada y la zona afectada, desde la propia presa hasta la población de Ribadelago. Una vez definido y analizado el modelo, con los medios informáticos que nos brinda la técnica actual, se ha pretendido corroborar y validar todo aquello que se dijo e hizo en los años posteriores a la catástrofe. Para ello se han desarrollado dos modelos informáticos avanzados. Uno ha permitido hacer todo tipo de simulaciones del proceso de rotura de la presa. Y el otro, basado en los modernos métodos de cálculo aplicados al estudio del comportamiento hidráulico del cauce de un río, nos ha permitido caracterizar la avenida que destruyó, prácticamente por completo, la población de Ribadelago. La simulación estructural se ha realizado sobre 6 modelos para el caso de estudio en dos dimensiones, es decir utilizando la simplificación de deformación plana, con las consideraciones correspondientes para adaptar los resultados a un presa de gravedad aligerada, otros 6 para el caso en tres dimensiones de un contrafuerte aislado, realizando, a su vez, simulaciones para cada uno de los contrafuertes que colapsaron, lo que supone un total de 204 casos, que sumados a los 6 del modelo completo (contrafuertes del 12 al 28) en tres dimensiones, suponen 210 simulaciones. Esto abarca, prácticamente, todo el espectro posible de supuestos. Los resultados obtenidos han validado los estudios realizados por el equipo técnico que elaboró los informes en los años 60, realizando un estudio científico novedoso. Y es que, desde el Instituto Torroja de la Construcción, no se pudo hacer un trabajo mejor. Enrique Becerril y Antón-Miralles, Raúl Celestino Gómez, Manuel Carrasco Arroyo y José Antonio Torroja Cabanillas, se merecen toda mi admiración y respeto por sus excelentes trabajos. No obstante han sido los resultados del análisis y simulación de los modelos mucho más complejos, los del conjunto de contrafuertes que colapsaron, los que han permitido llegar a un conocimiento más exhaustivo del comportamiento de la estructura ante unas solicitaciones para las que no estaba dimensionada, debido a las enormes diferencias en la estimación del módulo de elasticidad de la mampostería de los contrafuertes. La simulación hidrológica e hidráulica del hidrograma inicial y la propagación de la avenida generada a lo largo del cañón del Tera ha permitido estimar en algo más de 13.000 m3/s el caudal punta inicial producido por la rotura, cuasi instantánea de la presa, con una rama de descenso del hidrograma, hasta el agotamiento, de 25 minutos. La propagación de este inmenso caudal se caracterizó por velocidades altísimas en la zona del cañón (&gt;25 m/s) con gran poder de arrastre de sólidos y un descenso brusco de las velocidades al alcanzar la llanura de Ribadelago. El tiempo de recorrido de la punta de crecida, hasta alcanzar el casco urbano de Ribadelago, se ha estimado en unos 24 minutos desde el inicio, y con un período de agotamiento de la avenida, de algo más de una hora. Todo ello permite imaginar un escenario en el que una onda de choque genera una gran inundación repentina, con un descenso paulatino, durante al menos una hora, del nivel de las aguas, hasta alcanzar valores similares a los que produciría la avenida de periodo de retorno de 500 años. Este escenario hidráulico corrobora el gran poder destructivo que ha tenido esta avenida y la situación catastrófica desencadenada. Concluyo este resumen con unos breves apuntes sobre las conclusiones. Principalmente, la investigación exhaustiva del suceso delata que de ninguna manera la tragedia pudo ser evitable. Cuando se parte de un error de cálculo universalmente aceptado, en una estructura compleja, las consecuencias finales son de una gravedad extrema. Dos llenados parciales rompieron la pantalla de hormigón de la presa, que se tumbó sobre la mampostería. Además, en el último llenado previo a la rotura, la pantalla sufrió una rotura total en la unión con el aliviadero y el estribo derecho de la presa. En estas condiciones, el hundimiento de la parte &quot;suelta&quot; fue inevitable. La avenida que se generó, tenía tal poder destructivo, y el tiempo de respuesta fue tan corto, que ni con los más modernos sistemas y protocolos de alerta temprana, aviso y evacuación de la población, se hubiera evitado la catástrofe.It is not simple to analyze an event whose result is the loss of human lives. Let alone when they concluded that a technique failure, universally accepted as the main cause until then, was the origin of the Vega de Tera dam break and the reason why 144 people died during midnight on January, 9, 1959. Also, 7.8 Hm3 of water running down the narrow valley of the river Tera was a threat they couldn’t really avoid and really capable of provoking damages which are equivalent to this menace. In this research, once I have described structurally and hydrologically the setting of the breakage of the dam and the ensuing flood, I have reviewed all the information available from the event, since the dam project and up to the expert reports that were made to clarify the reasons behind the disaster in order to build a conceptual model which has showed the behaviour for a tremendously complex system. From this conceptual model it has been characterized: the dam structure (lightened gravity with buttresses and flat concrete flashboards), geothermal characteristics of the downstream boundary and affected area, from the own dam to the Ribadelago village. Once the conceptual model has been defined and analyzed with the technological means we have access to nowadays, it has been pretended to corroborate and to validate all what was said and done in the years after the disaster. In order to get it, two advanced computerized models have been developed. One of them enables us to produce any kind of simulation of the breakage of the dam. The other, which is based on the modern methods of calculation applied to the study of the hydraulic behaviour of the riverbed, has helped us to build the flood that destroyed, almost completely, the little village of Ribadelago. The structural simulation has been conducted on six models for the case study in 2 dimensions, in other words, by using the simplification of the plainstrain deformation with the considerations that correspond in order to adapt the results to a lightened gravity dam; another six models have been applied for the case of an isolated buttress in 3 dimensions, doing, at the same time, simulations for each of the buttresses that collapsed, which made a total of 204 cases. All these 204 cases along with the other six from the whole model (buttreses from 12 to 28) in 3 dimensions add up 210 simulations. This, includes virtually the entire spectrum of possible assumptions. The results that were obtained have validated the researches made by the technical team who elaborated the reports in the 1960s, doing a novel scientific study. From the Torroja Institute of Construction, they could not do a better job. Enrique Becerril and Antón-Miralles, Raúl Celestino Gómez, Manuel Carrasco Arroyo and José Antonio Torroja Cabanilla deserve all my admiration for the excellent job they did. However, the analysis results and the model simulations have been more complex. The ones from the set of buttresses that collapsed have made us go deeper into the investigation of the structure behaviour (which did not fulfill the needs it was requested to) due to the enormous differences in the estimation of the modulus of elasticity in the buttress masonry. The hydrological and hydraulic simulation of the first hydrograph and the sprawl of the flood generated along the Tera canyon has enabled us to estimate in more than 13000 m3/s the inicial flow rate produced by the quasi swift breakage of the dam, with a descent in the hydrograph graphic line, getting into almost depletion, in 25 minutes. The spread of this enormous flow rate was characterized for its high speed in the canyon area (&gt;25 m/s) with great power of dragging solids and a sudden descent of the speed when the flow reached the Ribadelago plain. The time between the start of the flow and the entrance in the Ribadelago village is estimated to be of 24 minutes from the beginning with a period of decease of the flood of more than an hour. All of this makes you imagine a scene in which a wave causes a flash flood, with a gradual descent of the water during at least one hour, reaching values that were similar to those that will be achieved by the 500 years returning period flood. This hydraulic scenario verifies the great destructive power that this flood has had and the consequent catastrophe. I would like to sum up with some brief notes on the conclusions. Mainly, the exhaustive investigation of this event reveals that the tragedy could not be avoided. When you are based on a universally accepted miscalculation, inside a complex structure, the final consequences are of great severity. Two partial fillings broke the concrete flashboard of the dam which fell over the masonry. Moreover, in the last previous filling to the breakage, the flashboard suffered a complete rupture in the junction between the spillway and the right abutment of the dam. Under these conditions, the sinking of the “lost” piece was inevitable. The flood that took place was so powerful and the time to react was so short that even with the most modern early warning and evacuation systems and protocols, it would have been impossible to avoid

Dam failure Vega de Tera, hydraulic simulation of the flood propagation (Zamora, Spain)

La rotura de la presa de Vega de Tera en 1959 supuso un hito en la ingeniería y en la percepción del riesgo de las presas a nivel nacional. Los estudios y modelos retrospectivos de la rotura son herramientas que permite mejorar la planificación territorialy la evaluación de los riesgos de este tipo de infraestructuras. El objetivo de este trabajo es reconstruir la rotura de la presa y simular la avenida generada. Para ello se ha reproducido el hidrograma, estimado el caudal punta y se ha construido un modelo hidráulico en HEC-RAS. El modelo permite afirmar que se trató de una rotura prácticamente instantánea (26 min), con un caudal punta de 13000 m3/s (velocidad y calado máximos de 30 m/s, y de 24 m). Finalmente todos los resultados hidráulicos corroboran la gran destrucción generada y el escenario catastrófico observado en las imágenes históricas.The dam failure of Vega de Tera in 1959 was a milestone on the engineering and risk perception of dam in Spain. The back analysis of dam failure and hydraulic model let us improve the spatial planning and the risk assessment. So the main core of this paper is to reconstruct the dam break and compute the spread flow generated, for this task we have been simulated the hydrograph and the peak flow. In this way, has been developed a HEC-RAS hydraulic model. The model shows that the dam failure was an almost instant (26 min), with a maximum flow of 13000 m3 / s (maximum speed 30 m/s, and maximum draft 24 m). Finally, all the hydraulic results corroborate the greatdestruction generated and the catastrophic scenario observed in the historical images

Una propuesta de armonización y convergencia de las enseñanzas universitarias en el espacio europeo : los postgrados de empresa en las universidades públicas de Castilla y León

Proyecto subvencionado por la Agencia para la Calidad del Sistema Universitario de Castilla y LeónSe analiza la oferta y la demanda de las Universidades Públicas de Castilla y León para estimar de forma aproximada la demanda potencial de formación de postgrado en la Comunidad de Castilla y León. Para ello, se ofrecen los datos sobre la evolución tanto del número de alumnos matriculados en todas las titulaciones que se imparten en la Comunidad como del número de graduados durante el periodo 2000-2004. Posteriormente se analizan las cifras y la evolución de aquellas titulaciones que proporcionan salidas laborales en el ámbito empresarial; los estudiantes matriculados y graduados en tales titulaciones constituyen la base para efectuar los pronósticos de demanda potencial de postgrados de empresa. La población sobre la que se efectúa el estudio está constituida por todos los estudiantes universitarios pertenecientes a las cuatro Universidades públicas de la Comunidad de Castilla y León: Universidad de Burgos, Universidad de León, Universidad de Salamanca y Universidad de Valladolid. Para llevar a cabo todo esto se han utilizado los datos sobre el número de alumnos matriculados y el número de titulados que publican cada una de las Universidades objeto de análisis.Castilla y LeónConsejería de Educación. Dirección General de Universidades e Investigación; Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Prado, Autovía Puente Colgante s. n.; 47071 Valladolid; +34983411881; +34983411939;ES