SO3H-Carbon derived from glycerol: An efficient and recyclable catalyst for smooth and regioselective azidolysis of oxiranes in water

A series of β-hydroxyazides were effectively synthesized from the regioselective ring opening of oxiranes by azide anion in presence of glycerol-based sulfonic acid functionalized carbon as a novel reusable heterogeneous catalyst in H2O achieving good yields (80-98%). The workup procedure was simple, and the catalyst could be reused over five times without losing its catalytic activity and selectivity

Glycerol-based SO3H-Carbon Catalyst: A green recyclable catalyst for the chemoselective synthesis of pentaerythritol diacetals

Glycerol-based SO3H-functionalized carbon catalyst was demonstrated as an efficient and recyclable green catalyst for the chemoselective synthesis of pentaerythritol diacetals with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of ketones in excellent yields in toluene at 80 °C. In addition, the catalyst also has the capability for the deprotection of pentaerythritol diacetals in methanol at reflux temperature. The recovered catalyst without any pre-treatment was reused for 5 cycles without any deactivation and leaching into the reaction medium under optimum conditions

An efficient synthesis of quinoxalines catalyzed by monoammonium salt of 12-tungstophosphoric acid

Monoammonium salt of 12-tungstophosphoric acid [(NH4)H2PW12O40] catalyst was used for the synthesis of biologically important quinoxaline derivatives in excellent yields from various aromatic 1,2-dicarbonyl and 1,2-diamines. The methodology has the advantages of mild reaction conditions with simple workup procedure, even for the synthesis of quinoxaline derivatives from sterically hindered diamine

Optimización de un pretratamiento enzimático para semillas de mostaza utilizando metodología de superficie de respuesta

In order to investigate the effect of an enzymatic pre-treatment process for the extraction of oil from black mustard seeds (Brassica nigra) using viscozyme, the reaction parameters such as temperature, buffer-to-seed ratio and enzyme concentration were considered as determinant factors in the central composite design. Optimization was carried out according to the four-variable five-level central composite design of experiments. The effects of enzyme concentration (5–12%), temperature (40–55 °C), pH (5.0–6.0), and reaction time (1–7 h) on the free oil liberated were studied. Residual oil was collected by subjecting the treated meal to soxhlet extraction for 4 h. An enzyme dose of 7.5% (w/w), pH 5.0, 50 °C, and 5 h with constant shaking at 450 rpm were found to be opti­mal conditions. Centrifuging the mixture at 7000 rpm for 30 min separated the oil with a recovery of 71–73.1%.Con el fin de investigar el efecto de un pretratamiento enzimático para la extracción de aceite de semillas de mostaza negra (Brassica nigra) utilizando viscozima, los parámetros de la reacción, como la temperatura, la relación de tampón/semilla y las concentraciones de enzima, se consideraron factores deter­minantes en el diseño. La optimización se llevó a cabo mediante cuatro diseños de experimentos compuestos de cinco niveles. Se estudió el efecto de la concentración de enzima (5-12%), temperatura (40-55 °C), pH (5.0-6.0), y tiempo de reacción (1-7 h) sobre el aceite liberado. El aceite residual se recolectó sometiendo la pasta tratada a una extracción de soxhlet durante 4 h. Las dosis de enzima del 7,5% (p/p), pH 5,0, 50 °C y 5 h con agitación constante a 450 rpm fueron las condiciones óptimas. La centrifugación de la mezcla a 7000 rpm durante 30 minutos separó el aceite con una recuperación de 71-73.1%

Effect of yoghurt containing Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12® on faecal excretion of secretory immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin 2 in healthy adult volunteers

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Probiotics are used to provide health benefits. The present study tested the effect of a probiotic yoghurt on faecal output of beta-defensin and immunoglobulin A in a group of young healthy women eating a defined diet.</p> <p>Findings</p> <p>26 women aged 18-21 (median 19) years residing in a hostel were given 200 ml normal yoghurt every day for a week, followed by probiotic yoghurt containing <it>Bifidobacterium lactis </it>Bb12^®(10⁹in 200 ml) for three weeks, followed again by normal yoghurt for four weeks. Stool samples were collected at 0, 4 and 8 weeks and assayed for immunoglobulin A and human beta-defensin-2 by ELISA. All participants tolerated both normal and probiotic yoghurt well. Human beta-defensin-2 levels in faeces were not altered during the course of the study. On the other hand, compared to the basal sample, faecal IgA increased during probiotic feeding (P = 0.0184) and returned to normal after cessation of probiotic yoghurt intake.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p><it>Bifidobacterium lactis </it>Bb12^®increased secretory IgA output in faeces. This property may explain the ability of probiotics to prevent gastrointestinal and lower respiratory tract infections.</p

Heterogeneous catalysis for sustainable biodiesel production via esterification and transesterification

Concern over the economics of accessing fossil fuel reserves, and widespread acceptance of the anthropogenic origin of rising CO2 emissions and associated climate change from combusting such carbon sources, is driving academic and commercial research into new routes to sustainable fuels to meet the demands of a rapidly rising global population. Here we discuss catalytic esterification and transesterification solutions to the clean synthesis of biodiesel, the most readily implemented and low cost, alternative source of transportation fuels to meet future societal demands

Study of endometrial pathology in abnormal uterine bleeding

Background: The histopathological diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) shows spectrum of patterns and pathologist plays a vital role in the reporting of endometrium and differentiating non neoplastic lesion from neoplastic lesions, early diagnosis of precursor lesions and exclusion of malignancy. The aim of the study is to study the spectrum of endometrial patterns in women with AUB and to correlate with different age groups. Materials and methods: 780 samples of endometrium in women with AUB were received from gynecology department, processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin, subjected to histopathological examination. Results: The peak incidence was observed in the age group 31-40 years. The common histological pattern was proliferative pattern 428(54.87%),secretory phase 174(22.30%),endometrial hyperplasia without atypia 49(6.28%),pill endometrium 34(4.35%),atrophic endometrium 32(4.10%),endometrial carcinoma 28(3.58%),inadequate sample 17(2.17%),endometrial polyps 13(1.66%),endometrial hyperplasia with atypia 3(0.38%) and tuberculous endometritis 2(0.24%).Conclusion: AUB significantly affects the quality life of women and leads to anemia. Hence histopathological examination should be considered which plays a critical role in the early diagnosis of endometrial pathology and to provide appropriate gynecological management