Informed Consent and Dual Purpose Research

The ethical treatment of human participants in psychological research is regulated by both federal guidelines and the ethical standards of the American Psychological Association (APA). Under certain circumstances, however, both APA standards and federal regulations allow for exceptions for informed consent. In spite of the possibility of exception, a number of factors have made it difficult to conduct and publish research that does not incorporate informed consent. The authors consider these factors and propose 2 approaches that may reduce reluctance to consider exceptions to informed consent under appropriate circumstances. First, journals should not rely on informed consent as the only method of screening research for the ethical treatment of human participants. Second, efforts must be made to work with institutional review boards and other units that review psychological research to ensure that their members are aware of the conditions under which informed consent is considered reasonable. Failure to consider ethical research without informed consent may have serious ethical consequences for research

Study on Kinetics and Reaction Parameters of Biodiesel Production from Sunflower Oil and Methanol Using Zinc Oxide Supported Calcium Oxide

This study investigated the effect of reaction parameter, reaction kinetics and mechanism of transesterification of sunflower oil with methanol by using CaO/ZnO heterogeneous catalyst. The influence of reaction time, molar ratio and catalyst amount and reaction temperature on fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) yield was investigated. The catalysts were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation and characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Hammett indicator method. The FAME contents were analyzed by gas chromatography using the EN 14103 standard method. The highest FAME yield of 82% was obtained at 9/1 methanol/oil molar ratio, 3 wt.% catalyst amount and 3 hours of reaction time at 65 °C of reaction temperature by using 20% CaO/ZnO catalyst. The reaction could be considered pseudo first order with respect to triglyceride (TG). The reaction model based on Eley-Rideal mechanism was proposed where adsorbed methanol reacted with TG before desorption of glycerin. The results showed that experimental reaction rates exhibited good agreement with calculated reaction rates

Comfort with uncertainty in medical professionals:an exploration of how clinicians experience and manage dynamic problems in practice

This thesis explored physicians’ in-the-moment experiences of uncertainty at work, seeking to better understand how they used dynamic appraisals of comfort and discomfort to safely manage complex problems in practice despite their ongoing sense of uncertainty. These efforts included making predictions about how a problem might evolve, thinking about the human and material resources they could draw upon to ensure patient safety, and engaging colleagues to ‘borrow comfort’ when they encountered problems that were at the borders of their abilities

Controls On Antimony And Arsenic Speciation Via Sorption And Redox Chemistry At The Clay Mineral - Water Interface In Natural And Laboratory Settings

Thesis (Ph.D.) University of Alaska Fairbanks, 2010Adsorption and redox transformations of contaminants in soil and aqueous environments are often controlled by the available mineral substrates. Aluminosilicates and aluminum oxides are ubiquitous and can influence the speciation and, therefore, the transport and bio-availability of toxic elements such as arsenic (As) and antimony (Sb). It is important to understand the partitioning and redox reactions promoted by these substrates in order to understand and model the transport of As and Sb in soils and surface waters. This study provides a detailed investigation of the sorption and redox behavior of As and Sb in clay-rich natural and laboratory systems. Since Fe 3+ is often found substituting for Al3+ in clay mineral structures, we also investigated the role of structural Fe in redox transformations of As and Sb adsorbed at the clay surface in controlled laboratory experiments. In a natural system affected by the release of spent geothermal fluids (Mutnovsky geothermal fields, Kamchatka, Russia), As concentrations are elevated above background levels in the Falshivaia River water and sediments (< 65 microm size fraction). Arsenic from the geothermal source fluids is in the reduced As3+ form, and is oxidized to As5+ after mixing with river water. Both As3+ and As5+ are found in aqueous and adsorbed forms. Analysis of the extended x-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectra shows that sediment-phase arsenic is associated with both Al- and Fe-rich phases with a bi-dentate corner-sharing local geometry. A series of laboratory experiments were performed in order to investigate Sb adsorption by Al-rich mineral substrates at a macroscopic and molecular level. The EXAFS analysis of the experimental samples concluded that both Sb3+ and Sb5+ form inner-sphere sorption complexes on the surfaces of hydrous aluminum oxide (HAO), and the clay minerals kaolinite (KGa-1b) and nontronite (NAu-1). Primarily, bi-dentate corner-sharing with a minor amount of mono-dentate corner-sharing complexes were formed. The oxidation state of the clay structural Fe affects the adsorption capacity of nontronite; if the clay is partially reduced, the Sb5+ uptake is increased significantly. The long term dynamics of the As aqueous speciation in clay suspensions where reduced arsenic (As3+) was added initially is complex. A fast disappearance of As3+ due to oxidation to As 5+ was followed by a slow increase of aqueous As3+. This behavior is explained by two simultaneous reactions: fast oxidation of As3+ by structural Fe3+ (anaerobic) or Fe 3+ and dissolved O2 (aerobic) and the slow reduction of As5+ by dissolved Fe2+. The ability of the structural Fe in nontronite clay to promote oxidation of As3+/Sb 3+ was greatly affected by its oxidation state: if all structural Fe was in an oxidized Fe3+ form, no oxidation was observed; however, when ~ 20 % of structural Fe was reduced to Fe2+, the clay promoted the most extensive oxidation under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. The structural Fe2+ is not able to reduce As 5+/Sb5+, but reduction was seen when aqueous Fe 2+ was present in the systems. These research findings indicate that As and Sb can be effectively immobilized by Al-rich phases, while the substrate nature and oxidation state of structural Fe, along with the presence of dissolved Fe2+, can greatly affect the fate and transport of As and Sb. The increase in Sb5+ uptake in response to reducing structural Fe, possible increase or decrease in uptake of As due to As5+ reduction by aqueous Fe 2+, or oxidation of As3+ by clay structural Fe 3+, is likely to take place in a natural clay-rich soil or aquifer environment in moderate to slightly reducing conditions

Brutalism in Brazilian Architecture The Similarities and Differences between Brazilian and European Brutalism

This paper has the aim to analyze the Brutalist architecture in Brazil focused in the work of three great architects such as Vilanova Artigas, Lina Bo Bardi and Paulo Mendes da Rocha. At the same time to display a clear picture of the development of the Brutalism in Europe. Attention is to find out and to evidence the similarities and differences between brutalist architecture in Brazil in front of the Brutalism in Europe. This paper has to discuss which were trends and characteristics in brutalist architecture in Brazil and reasons of his life longer than the European counterpart

Kinetics, Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Studies on Removal of Oleic Acid from Sunflower Oil onto Amberlyst A21

Amberlyst A21 was used for the oleic acid adsorption from sunflower oil (SFO). The impacts of parameters such as contact time, temperature, and mass ratio of adsorbent on oleic acid adsorption were studied. The characterization of Amberlyst A21 before and after adsorption was performed by using Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adsorption reached equilibrium 480 minutes later. The increase in temperature and the amount of adsorbent caused an increase in the amount of adsorbed oleic acid. The adsorption kinetics, isotherms, and thermodynamics were studied. The pseudo-first order kinetics well described the adsorption for all studied temperatures. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Dubinin−Radushkevich isotherms and thermodynamic analysis were investigated at equilibrium. The suitability of the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms indicated that the adsorption takes place under monolayer and heterogeneous surfaces. Thermodynamical results showed that adsorption occurs spontaneously and endothermic