53 research outputs found

    Work-based Welfare as a Ritual: Understanding Marginalization in Post-Independence Lithuania

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    The paper analyzes the functioning of the newly created labor exchange in post-Soviet Lithuania. It is argued that the labor exchange in post-Soviet Lithuania operates under the conditions of a structural contradiction: welfare services are designed to reintegrate unemployed into the labor force under the conditions of (a) increasing competitiveness of the labor markets and (b) a rapid decline of employment within the Lithuanian economy. As a result, labor redundancy is produced which consists predominantly of low skill/education individuals. Because the economy is unable to generate employment, job searches for this segment of the population are transformed into a highly bureaucratized and ritualized activities directed and supervised by the labor exchange. The purpose of the activities is to impose social order and control over those marginalized from the labor force via the creation of the divisions between deserving and undeserving poor. Foucault\u27s theory of governmentality is used to examine two types of rituals employed by the labor exchange: individual and group based. The effectiveness of the labor exchange as a mechanism of social control and the impact the labor exchange has on the marginalization of some categories of the unemployed are discussed

    Types of Knowledge, Forms of Practice

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    This study was designed to explore the way that us e of theory influenced a social worker’s conceptualization of a simulated case. The participant in this case study was a woman employed in child welfare, who holds an MSW. She was chosen because her response in a larger study represented a deviant case. Data analysis included both thematic analysis and an analysis of a written report based on ideas taken from institutional ethnography. The authors use this case example to illustrate the ways that one’s understanding of theory may impact social work practice

    Exclusion from work and impoverishment in post-communist societies: the case of „unattached males“ in Lithuania

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    This article investigates the emergence of a phenomenon new to post-communist societies – the sociodemographic group of „unattached males.“ This group constitutes a growing number of young males with poor skills and little education who 1) detach themselves from the labor force even in the presence of jobs, 2) are not marrying, and 3) are increasingly plagued by a variety of social pathologies and health problems. These pathologies include crime, alcoholism, drug abuse and depression that, in turn, contribute to this group’s silent withdrawal from society. A conceptualization of the „unattached male“ as an adaptive strategy is presented along with a typology. Reintegration of these ‘unattached males’ represents a significant issue for social policy and potential focus for considerable social work practice.Straipsnyje analizuojamas naujas reiškinys postkomunistinėse šalyse – sparčiai besiformuojanti „nereikalingų žmonių“ socialinė–demografinė grupė. Šio sluoksnio daugumą Lietuvoje sudaro palyginti jauni (25–35 metų), menko išsilavinimo vyrai. Jie ilgą laiką neturi darbo, netgi esant galimybei įsidarbinti dažnai vengia dirbti, nesituokia ir nekuria šeimų ir pasižymi socialiai destruktyviu elgesiu (nusikalstamumu, girtavimu, valkatavimu, depresija, ir savižudybėmis). Straipsnyje pateikiama šio reiškinio koncepcinė analizė ir pabrėžiama, kad „nereikalingų žmonių“ integracija į „normalią visuomenę“ turėtų tapti svarbia socialinės politikos ir socialinio darbo praktikos dalimi

    Lombalgia no trabalhador braçal: Relato de 3 casos observados em uma vinícola / Lower back pain in manual laborers: Report of 3 cases observed in a winery

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    Introdução: Um dos riscos mais comuns para a saúde do trabalhador é o risco postural, principalmente em relação à lombalgias e doenças da coluna vertebral. A lombalgia ocupacional é uma alteração musculoesquelética gerada pela atividade laboral que afeta não apenas o trabalhador ao gerar sofrimento e dor, mas também as empresas e os sistemas previdenciários. Objetivo: Descrever o atendimento médico e as orientações para a melhoria da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde ocupacional de três trabalhadores de uma vinícola, com enfoque em lombalgia ocupacional. Métodos: Realização de atendimentos médicos seguidos de ações para a melhoria dos problemas musculoesqueléticos. Capacitação dos trabalhadores com relação à realização de exercícios e alongamentos específicos, visando reduzir as dores. Conclusão: O trabalho braçal pode gerar danos permanentes para os indivíduos, por isso é imprescindível que exista uma conscientização dos profissionais da saúde bem como a realização de ações para diminuir os danos promovidos pelas atividades laborais

    Analysis of the receptor-mediated B19V mechanism of internalization in the endothelial B19V infection and adenovirus-mediated reactivation of B19V in endothelial cells

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    Das Humane Parvovirus B19 (B19V) ist der Erreger der Ringelröteln (Erythema infectiosum) und kann die Krankheitsbilder des Hydrops fetalis und der aplastischen Anämie sowie Polyarthritiden verursachen. B19V besitzt einen stark ausgeprägten Zell- und Gewebetropismus, so dass der produktive Infektionszyklus ausschließlich auf erythroide Vorläuferzellen im Knochenmark und in der fetalen Leber beschränkt ist. In den letzten Jahren konnte die B19V-DNA jedoch in einer Reihe von Untersuchungen auch in anderen Organen und Zelltypen wie Synovialfibroblasten, Tonsillen und der Haut, sowie den Endothelzellen der intramyokardialen Arteriolen und postkapillären Venolen im Herzen nachgewiesen werden. Neben der B19V-induzierten akuten Myokarditis ließ sich eine Assoziation der kardialen B19V-Infektion mit dem Krankheitsbild der inflammatorischen dilatativen Kardiomyopathie (DCMi) mit endothelialer Dysfunktion feststellen. In den B19V positiven Proben konnten häufig zusätzlich Nukleinsäuren doppelsträngiger DNA-Viren aus den Familien der Herpes- und Adenoviren detektiert werden. Allerdings konnte in Endothelzellen bisher keine Replikation des B19V-Genoms nachgewiesen werden, so dass von einer latenten B19V Infektion ausgegangen werden muss. Bisher ist noch ungeklärt über welche Aufnahmemechanismen das Virus in diese nicht-permissiven Zellen gelangt, und ob es möglicherweise zu einer Reaktivierung der latenten Infektion, beispielsweise durch virale Ko- bzw. Super-Infektionen kommen kann. Schwerpunkt der vorliegenden Arbeit waren daher die detaillierte Analyse Rezeptor-vermittelter B19V-Aufnahmemechanismen in endothelialen Zellen und eine mögliche Reaktivierung von B19V in Endothelzellen durch Adenoviren oder isolierte frühe adenovirale Faktoren. Zur Analyse der Rezeptor-vermittelten Aufnahme von B19V in Endothelzellen wurde erstmalig das Expressionsprofil der B19V-spezifischen Rezeptorproteine P-Antigen, α5β1-Integrine und KU80-Autoantigen auf Endothelzellen charakterisiert. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass P-Antigen und β1-Integrine auf der Oberfläche aller untersuchten Endothelzellen in ähnlichen Mengen wie auf B19V semi-permissiven UT7/Epo-S1 Zellen nachweisbar waren. KU80 war ähnlich wie in den UT7/EpoS1 jedoch hauptsächlich nukleär und nur in marginalen Mengen auf der Zelloberfläche nachzuweisen. In den nachfolgenden Untersuchungen zur B19V-Aufnahme zeigte sich jedoch, dass die verschiedenen endothelialen Zellen im Vergleich zu den UT7/Epo-S1 Zellen trotz vergleichbarem Besatz der beschriebenen B19V Ko- Rezeptoren eine stark verminderte B19V-Internalisierungsrate aufweisen. Da für die B19V Internalisierung möglicherweise der Aktivierungszustand der β1-Integrine eine entscheidende Rolle spielt, wurden diese mit Hilfe von bivalenten Ionen und stabilisierenden Antikörpern aktiviert. Dies führte zu keiner gesteigerten endothelialen B19V-Internalisierung. In weiteren Untersuchungen wurden in den polaren Endothelzellen eventuelle Unterschiede im Internalisierungsprozess nach apikaler oder basaler Applikation der viralen Partikel untersucht. Die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen lieferten allerdings keine Hinweise, dass die verminderte B19V-Internalisierung in Endothelzellen auf eine differentielle Expression der Rezeptoren auf den unterschiedlichen Oberflächen der Zellen zurückzuführen war. Zur Untersuchung einer möglichen Reaktivierung von B19V durch Adenovirus wurde zunächst die B19V- Proteinexpression bei einer adenoviralen Ko-Infektion analysiert. Diese führte in einer kleinen Subpopulation der Endothelzellen zu einer starken Stimulierung der Expression der Kapsidproteine VP1/2 und des Nichtstrukturproteins NS1 von B19V. Zur Analyse der beteiligten Mechanismen wurden rekombinante monomerische und dimerische adeno-assoziierte Virusvektoren (AAV-Vektoren) generiert, welche unter Kontrolle des isolierten B19V p6-Promotors ein Luciferase-Reportergen enthielten. Der Vergleich dieser AAV-Vektoren nach Ko-Infektion von Adenovirus zeigte, dass die Transaktivierung des B19V-Genoms hauptsächlich auf Transkriptionsebene und nicht durch eine Adenovirus-induzierte Zweitstrangsynthese des einzelsträngigen B19V-Genoms erfolgte. Durch die Generierung einer Reihe von p6-Promotor-Luciferase-Reportergen-Konstrukte mit unterschiedlichen Anteilen der cis-aktiven p6 Sequenzen im Plasmidkontext konnte gezeigt zeigen, welche Bereiche des p6 Promotors für seine transkriptionelle Stimulation erforderlich sind. Überraschenderweise spielte das Nicht-Strukturprotein NS1 von B19V bei der Transaktivierung in Endothelzellen nur eine untergeordnete Rolle. E1A und E4orf6 wurden mit starken synergistischen Effekten auf den p6-Promotor als die entscheidenden adenoviralen Funktionen für die B19V Transaktivierung identifiziert. Für die Effekte von E1A war dabei die konservierte Region 3 des Proteins essentiell. Die Bildung von monomerischen B19V- Replikationsintermediaten konnte in den Endothelzellen bereits in Abwesenheit adenoviraler Helferfunktionen nachgewiesen werden. Durch eine Ko-Infektion mit Adenovirus kam es jedoch zur verstärkten Bildung dimerischer B19V Replikationsintermediate. Die in der vorliegenden Arbeit gewonnenen Ergebnisse zur endothelialen Rezeptor-vermittelten B19V-Aufnahme deuten auf einen alternativen, von den B19V-Rezeptoren unabhängigen Aufnahmemechanismus wie z.B. die B19V-Internalisierung über B19V-spezifische Antikörper (ADE) oder die Infektion von endothelialen Vorläuferzellen in vivo hin. Zudem konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass Adenovirus sowohl die B19V Genexpression als auch die Bildung höhermolekularer B19V Replikationsintermediate in endothelialen Zellen induzieren kann.Human Parvovirus B19 (B19V) is the causative agent of erythema infectiosum, hydrops fetalis, aplastic crises and polyarthritis. B19V displays a very narrow cell and tissue tropism with productive infection thought to be restricted exclusively to erythroid progenitor cells in the bone marrow and fetal liver. However, over the last years increasing evidence for the presence of B19V DNA in other cell types and tissues such as synovial fibroblasts, tonsilles and skin as well as endothelial cells of the intramyocardial arterioles and postcapillar venules in the heart has been gathered. An association of cardiac B19V infection with inflammatory dilatative cardiomyopathy (DCMi) and coexisting endothelial dysfunction was found. Frequently, the genome of other DNA viruses such as herpes- or adenovirus was also detected in the B19V-DNA positive specimens. So far however, no evidence for replication of the B19V-DNA in non-erythroid cells exists, strongly suggesting a rather latent state of B19V in these cells. Also unknown are the entry mechanisms of B19V in these non-permissive cells and whether possible mechanisms of B19V reactivation, for example by co-infection with other viruses as in the case of the helper-dependent adeno-associated viruses, which belongs also to the Parvoviridae family, exist. The aim of the present study was the elucidation of both the receptor-mediated B19V mechanism of internalization in endothelial cells and putative mechanisms of B19V reactivation by adenovirus. In the analysis of the receptor-mediated internalization of B19V in endothelial cells, the expression profile of the B19V specific receptor proteins P-Antigen, α5β1-Integrin and KU80-autoantigen was characterized for the first time in these cells. It could be demonstrated that P-Antigen and β1-Integrin were expressed on the surface of all endothelial cells investigated. In contrast, both in semi-permissive UT7/Epo-S1 and in endothelial cells KU80 was not detected on the cell surface or only in marginal amounts, strongly arguing against a possible role of KU80 as a B19V co-receptor. Analysis of B19V adsorption and internalization inendothelial cells showed a strong limitation caused by the internalization step, despite comparable B19V binding rates of the endothelial cells compared to the B19V semi-permissive UT7/Epo-S1 cells. In order to increase the B19V internalization in endothelial cells it was attempted to activate the potentially inactivated β1-integrins via divalent ions and stabilizing antibodies. However, the activation of β1-integrins did not lead to an increased B19V internalization. By comparing the uptake rate between an apical or a basal application of the virus particles to polarized endothelial cells , it could also be excluded that the limited internalization was due to the polarity of the cells. In summary, B19V uptake is strongly limited at the level of virus internalization, which however cannot be assigned to a reduced surface expression of the known B19V (co-) receptors. The second major focus of the study was the analysis of a possible reactivation of latent B19V by adenovirus infection or expression of individual adenoviral functions. It could be shown that co-infection of adenovirus with B19V leads to a strong stimulation of the expression of the B19V structural proteins VP1/2 and the non-structural protein NS1 in a small subpopulation of endothelial cells. To investigate the mechanisms involved, recombinant monomeric or dimeric adeno- associated virus vectors (AAV vectors) were generated, which contained a luciferase reportergene under control of the isolated B19V p6 promoter . Comparison of the adenovirus-mediated up-regulation of luciferase-expression in the two vector systems demonstrated that the transactivation of the B19V genome is mainly effected at the level of transcription and not by an adenovirus-mediated second-strand synthesis of the single-stranded B19V genome. Through various p6 promoter luciferase reportergene plasmid constructs differing in the included promoter elements, upregulation at the level of transcription was further confirmed and the cis-regulatory regions involved were identified. Unexpectedly, the B19V NS1 protein played only a minor role in the transactivation of the p6 promoter. The analysis of solitary adenovirus proteins showed E1A and E4orf6 to be the central transactivating proteins, which have a synergistic effect on the transactivation of the p6 promoter. The conserved region 3 of the E1A protein turned out to be essential for the transactivating function of E1A. Finally, monomeric B19V replication- intermediates could be detected in endothelial cells already in the absence of additional viruses, whereas the appearance of dimeric replication intermediates was dependent on adenovirus co-infection. The results of the present work regarding the receptor-mediated internalization of B19V in endothelial cells suggest an alternative, B19V receptor-independent mechanism of internalization in vivo such as internalization by B19V specific antibodies (ADE) or the B19V infection of endothelial progenitor cells. Furthermore it could be shown for the first time that the low rate of B19V genome expression observed in endothelial cells can be increased markedly by adenovirus co- infection and that specific B19V genome replication intermediates can be induced by adenovirus

    Notes on a Possible Critical Social Work

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    Critical social work is an intriguing idea. From my perspective it is at once filled with possibility and, at the same time, ambiguous. It is dynamic, moving in and out of focus. The foreground and background blend and merge, flowing into one another, exchanging positions and then beginning again. What is the modifier? Is it 'critical' and 'social' or just 'critical'? If 'critical' is modifying 'social work,' and we are considering social work a profession, the title implies a particular form of the profession

    El rol de la comunicación en los programas de voluntariado

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    Las empresas son organizaciones que interactúan con la sociedad en la cual se encuentran. A la vez que muchas de ellas toman recursos naturales del medio ambiente tienen la responsabilidad y la obligación moral de devolver algo. Dicho compromiso se lleva adelante a través de los programas de voluntariado. Uno de los principales problemas para que los empleados participen de los mismos es la manera en que se les comunica. La manera en que la empresa comunica es fundamental para que esos proyectos sean realizados. En el presente trabajo se revisan una serie de conceptos ligados a la Responsabilidad Social Empresaria y su correspondiente evolución resultado de la bibliografía consultada. Se implementa una metodología de corte cualitativa y descriptiva por medio de entrevistas a líderes de las áreas pertinentes y encuestas a un grupo de empleados para el estudio de casos lo cual permite determinar el rol que tiene la comunicación dentro de un programa de voluntariado como acción de responsabilidad social y empresaria
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