14 research outputs found

    Higher COVID-19 pneumonia risk associated with anti-IFN-α than with anti-IFN-ω auto-Abs in children

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    We found that 19 (10.4%) of 183 unvaccinated children hospitalized for COVID-19 pneumonia had autoantibodies (auto-Abs) neutralizing type I IFNs (IFN-alpha 2 in 10 patients: IFN-alpha 2 only in three, IFN-alpha 2 plus IFN-omega in five, and IFN-alpha 2, IFN-omega plus IFN-beta in two; IFN-omega only in nine patients). Seven children (3.8%) had Abs neutralizing at least 10 ng/ml of one IFN, whereas the other 12 (6.6%) had Abs neutralizing only 100 pg/ml. The auto-Abs neutralized both unglycosylated and glycosylated IFNs. We also detected auto-Abs neutralizing 100 pg/ml IFN-alpha 2 in 4 of 2,267 uninfected children (0.2%) and auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-omega in 45 children (2%). The odds ratios (ORs) for life-threatening COVID-19 pneumonia were, therefore, higher for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-alpha 2 only (OR [95% CI] = 67.6 [5.7-9,196.6]) than for auto-Abs neutralizing IFN-. only (OR [95% CI] = 2.6 [1.2-5.3]). ORs were also higher for auto-Abs neutralizing high concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 12.9 [4.6-35.9]) than for those neutralizing low concentrations (OR [95% CI] = 5.5 [3.1-9.6]) of IFN-omega and/or IFN-alpha 2

    Marine biodiversity and ecosystem function relationships: The potential for practical monitoring applications

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    La rappresentazione di regole complesse è composizionale

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    Nella vita quotidiana è frequente l’utilizzo di regole per organizzare pensieri ed azioni al fine di raggiungere obiettivi prefissati. Per le situazioni più semplici, singole regole condizionali (“se... allora...”) sono sufficienti. Situazioni più complesse, tuttavia, richiedono la considerazione contemporanea di molteplici regole, organizzate sia in termini temporali che gerarchici. Studi precedenti hanno dimostrato che la corteccia prefrontale (PFC) laterale è una delle aree critiche per la rappresentazione di regole semplici. Rimane da chiarire tuttavia dove e come il nostro cervello rappresenti insiemi di regole più complessi. Abbiamo condotto quattro esperimenti, manipolando lo stesso paradigma di base. I soggetti sono preliminarmente istruiti a rappresentare e applicare più insiemi di regole. Le regole utilizzate nei diversi esperimenti si collocano a diversi livelli di complessità. In ciascuna prova sperimentale i soggetti devono rievocare, rappresentare e quindi applicare uno degli insiemi di regole appresi. I soggetti sono sottoposti a scansione fMRI. I dati sono analizzati con tecniche multivariate per identificare quali aree cerebrali siano coinvolte nella rappresentazione di specifiche regole. Dalle analisi è emerso, come atteso, che la PFC laterale è coinvolta nella rappresentazione di regole. E’ inoltre emerso come informazioni relative a un'unica regola complessa non siano rappresentate tutte nella stessa regione cerebrale. Al contrario, le diverse caratteristiche che concorrono a costruire una regola complessa sono ripartite in aree cerebrali diverse, in funzione del tipo di informazione da rappresentare. I risultati della nostra serie sperimentale suggeriscono che la rappresentazione di regole complesse è “composizionale”. Gli elementi base delle regole complesse sono identificati e rappresentati separatamente dal nostro cervello. La segregazione dell’informazione avviene in aree cerebrali appropriate alla tipologia di contenuto da rappresentare

    Deduction without awareness

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    We investigated whether two basic forms of deductive inference, Modus Ponens and Disjunctive Syllogism, occur automatically and without awareness. In Experiment 1, we used a priming paradigm with a set of conditional and disjunctive problems. For each trial, two premises were shown. The second premise was presented at a rate designed to be undetectable. After each problem, participants had to evaluate whether a newly-presented target number was odd or even. The target number matched or did not match a conclusion endorsed by the two previous premises. We found that when the target matched the conclusion of a Modus Ponens inference, the evaluation of the target number was reliably faster than baseline even when participants reported that they were not aware of the second premise. This priming effect did not occur for any other valid or invalid inference that we tested, including the Disjunctive Syllogism. In Experiment 2, we used a forced-choice paradigm in which we found that some participants were able to access some information on the second premise when their attention was explicitly directed to it. In Experiment 3, we showed that the priming effect for Modus Ponens was present also in subjects who could not access any information about P(2). In Experiment 4 we explored whether spatial relations (e.g., "a before b") or sentences with quantifiers (e.g., "all a with b") could generate a priming effect similar to the one observed for Modus Ponens. A priming effect could be found for Modus Ponens only, but not for the other relations tested. These findings show that the Modus Ponens inference, in contrast to other deductive inferences, can be carried out automatically and unconsciously. Furthermore, our findings suggest that critical deductive inference schemata can be included in the range of high-level cognitive activities that are carried out unconsciously
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