18 research outputs found

    Biodiversidade, ecologia e o mundo secreto das árvores

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    A resenha objetiva apresentar a obra intitulada “A vida secreta das árvores” de Peter Wohlleben. As árvores se comunicam? Elas possuem necessidades sociais? O que acontece no solo de uma floresta? Essas e outras questões instigantes são discutidas por Wohlleben ao longo da obra. Para o autor, as árvores são seres com necessidades sociais e encontram-se em comunhão com diversos organismos que habitam as florestas. A obra apresenta um conteúdo abrangente, com tópicos sobre ecologia, biodiversidade e conservação

    Sophora tomentosa and Crotalaria vitellina (Fabaceae): reproductive biology and interactions with bees in the restinga of Ubatuba, SĂŁo Paulo

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    The study of plant-pollinator interactions is a major tool for conservation biology of fragmented habitats like the Atlantic Rain Forest and for the study of evolutionary traits that rule these interactions. Information on reproductive biology and floral visitor interactions of Sophora tomentosa and Crotalaria vitellina (Fabaceae) is presented in this study. Both species are common in the restinga formation of the Atlantic Rain Forest in the Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba - São Paulo. These species occur in the same areas, the flowering period is the same for both and they have yellow flowers that offer nectar as the major reward. Both are self-compatible, although fruit and seed set depend on the pollinators. Xylocopa brasilianorum and Megachile sp.1 were pollinators of S. tomentosa, whereas C. vitellina was pollinated by both the aforementioned bees and Bombus morio, Centris labrosa and two separate species of Megachile. All these bees have long tongues and are able to reach nectar at the bottom of the nectar chamber by legitimate visits. The inflorescences of S. tomentosa received more visits (0,62 visits/inflorescence/day) than the inflorescences of C. vitellina (0,37 visits/inflorescence/day). However, the fruit set of S. tomentosa (33%) is similar to that of C. vitellina (42%) in natural conditions, probably due to different pollinator efficiency. Having shorter tongues, Trigona and Augochlora bees have no access to the nectar chamber by means of legitimate visits. Hence, the dimensions of the nectar chamber of S. tomentosa and C. vitellina act as a selective barrier to short-tongued bees, thus guaranteeing more nectar to the long-tongued visitors. These legume pollinators are very common in the restinga forest, and they act as pollen vectors of other species in this ecosystem as well. The preservation of these legume plants is important to the diversity of bees and essential to the plant community.O conhecimento das interações entre plantas e seus polinizadores tem-se destacado como ferramenta na biologia da conservação de ambientes degradados, como a Mata Atlântica e no estudo da evolução de características morfológicas que medeiam estas interações. Neste estudo são apresentadas informações sobre a biologia reprodutiva e as interações com os visitantes florais de Sophora tomentosa e Crotalaria vitellina (Fabaceae), espécies comuns em áreas de restinga na Mata Atlântica no Núcleo Picinguaba, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Ubatuba - São Paulo. Estas espécies são sincronopátricas, possuem flores amarelas dispostas em racemos e oferecem néctar como principal recurso. Ambas as espécies são autocompatíveis, mas dependem de polinizadores para formação de frutos e sementes. Xylocopa brasilianorum e Megachile sp.1 foram os polinizadores de S. tomentosa, ao passo que C. vitellina, além destas espécies, também foi polinizada por Bombus morio, Centris labrosa e mais duas espécies de Megachile. Estas espécies de abelhas possuem comprimento da língua compatível com as dimensões das câmaras nectaríferas, acessando o néctar por visitas legítimas. As inflorescências de S. tomentosa foram mais visitadas (0,62 visitas/inflorescência/dia) do que as de C. vitellina (0,37 visitas/inflorescência/dia). Entretanto, em condições naturais, a frutificação em S. tomentosa (33%) é semelhante à de C. vitellina (42%), provavelmente devido às diferenças na eficiência de cada polinizador. Espécies de Trigona e de Augochlora não têm acesso ao néctar em visitas legítimas, pois não possuem comprimento da língua compatível com as dimensões das câmaras nectaríferas. Portanto, as dimensões das câmaras nectaríferas de S. tomentosa e C. vitellina funcionam como barreira seletiva às espécies de abelhas com língua curta, assegurando maior oferta de néctar aos polinizadores. Ainda, os polinizadores destas leguminosas são comuns na restinga e atuam como vetores de pólen de diversas espécies neste ecossistema. Portanto a manutenção destas leguminosas é importante para a diversidade da fauna de abelhas e essencial para a comunidade de plantas.18519

    Recursos florais utilizados por insetos em uma comunidade campestre no sul do Brasil

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    The goal of the present study was to identify plant species used as food source, the floral resources utilized, and the insects that visit flowers in a grassland community in southern Brazil. The study was carried out in an area of one hectare, located in a grassland formation in the Parque Estadual de Itapuã, State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The flowering pattern was seasonal, and richness and abundance of insects was higher during the period of high resource availability. Flowers of 106 species of angiosperms (73 genera and 34 families) were used as source of floral resources for 219 species (2,767 specimens) of insects. A total of 91.5% of plant species were visited by bees, 53.8% by flies, 34.9% by wasps, 22.6% by butterflies, and 12.3% by beetles. Nectar was the main resource consumed by the visitors (41.1%). Asteraceae was the richest (38 spp.) and most visited family, with 63.1% of the species and 49.5% of all specimens of recorded insects. Bees were the most representative insects (33.2% spp., 65% indiv.), followed by flies (26.9% spp., 16.5% indiv.), wasps, butterflies and beetles. 40 plant species were considered important resources for the floral visitors' community, due to high number of, both, species and individuals recorded in their flowers. The family Asteraceae as a species set was the main floral resource used by insect visitors through the year and has great importance for the maintenance of populations of many species of bees, flies, wasps and butterflies in the studied area.O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as espécies vegetais utilizadas como fontes de alimento, os recursos florais utilizados e os insetos visitantes das flores em uma comunidade campestre no sul do Brasil. O estudo foi realizado em uma parcela de um hectare, alocada em uma formação campestre no Parque Estadual de Itapuã, RS. O padrão de floração foi sazonal e a riqueza e abundância de insetos, maior no período de mais oferta de recursos. Flores de 106 espécies de angiospermas (73 gêneros e 34 famílias) foram utilizadas como fontes de recursos florais para 219 espécies e 2.767 espécimes de insetos. 91,5% das espécies vegetais foram visitadas por abelhas, 53,8% por moscas, 34,9% por vespas, 22,6% por borboletas e 12,3% por besouros. Néctar foi o principal recurso consumido pelos visitantes (41,1%). Asteraceae foi a família mais rica (38 spp.) e a mais visitada, com 63,1% das espécies e 49,5% de todos os espécimes de insetos registrados. Espécies com numerosas flores agrupadas em inflorescências e com recursos florais acessíveis foram as mais visitadas, por espécies e indivíduos de visitantes florais. Abelhas foram os insetos mais representativos (33,2% spp., 65% indiv.), seguidas de moscas (26,9% spp., 16,5% indiv.), vespas, borboletas e besouros. Quarenta espécies de plantas foram consideradas importantes fontes de recursos para a comunidade de visitantes florais, devido à alta abundância e elevado número de espécies de insetos registrados em suas flores. A família Asteraceae, como um conjunto de espécies, foi a principal fonte de recursos florais utilizada durante o ano, com grande importância para a manutenção das populações de muitas espécies de abelhas, moscas, vespas e borboletas ocorrentes na área de estudo.46948

    Negative impacts of dominance on bee communities: Does the influence of invasive honey bees differ from native bees?

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    Invasive species can reach high abundances and dominate native environments. One of the most impressive examples of ecological invasions is the spread of the African subspecies of the honey bee throughout the Americas, starting from its introduction in a single locality in Brazil. The invasive honey bee is expected to more negatively impact bee community abundance and diversity than native dominant species, but this has not been tested previously. We developed a comprehensive and systematic bee sampling scheme, using a protocol deploying 11,520 pan traps across regions and crops for three years in Brazil. We found that invasive honey bees are now the single most dominant bee species. Such dominance has not only negative consequences for abundance and species richness of native bees but also for overall bee abundance (i.e., strong “numerical” effects of honey bees). Contrary to expectations, honey bees did not have stronger negative impacts than other native bees achieving similar levels of dominance (i.e., lack of negative “identity” effects of honey bees). These effects were markedly consistent across crop species, seasons and years, and were independent from land-use effects. Dominance could be a proxy of bee community degradation and more generally of the severity of ecological invasions.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Data standardization of plant–pollinator interactions

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    Background: Animal pollination is an important ecosystem function and service, ensuring both the integrity of natural systems and human well-being. Although many knowledge shortfalls remain, some high-quality data sets on biological interactions are now available. The development and adoption of standards for biodiversity data and metadata has promoted great advances in biological data sharing and aggregation, supporting large-scale studies and science-based public policies. However, these standards are currently not suitable to fully support interaction data sharing. Results: Here we present a vocabulary of terms and a data model for sharing plant–pollinator interactions data based on the Darwin Core standard. The vocabulary introduces 48 new terms targeting several aspects of plant–pollinator interactions and can be used to capture information from different approaches and scales. Additionally, we provide solutions for data serialization using RDF, XML, and DwC-Archives and recommendations of existing controlled vocabularies for some of the terms. Our contribution supports open access to standardized data on plant–pollinator interactions. Conclusions: The adoption of the vocabulary would facilitate data sharing to support studies ranging from the spatial and temporal distribution of interactions to the taxonomic, phenological, functional, and phylogenetic aspects of plant–pollinator interactions. We expect to fill data and knowledge gaps, thus further enabling scientific research on the ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator communities, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and the development of public policies. The proposed data model is flexible and can be adapted for sharing other types of interactions data by developing discipline-specific vocabularies of termsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio
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