Object Control in Korean: How Many Constructions?

Korean seltukhata ‘persuade’ and similar predicates that take a propositional complement (marked with -tolok) license three object control constructions: 1) accusative persuadee in the matrix clause precedes the embedded clause (ACC1); 2) accusative persuadee follows the embedded clause (ACC2); 3) persuadee in the nominative case appears in the embedded clause (NOM). Prior accounts treated these constructions as derivationally related, arguing either for semantic or syntactic analysis of control. Using primary data and processing results, we argue that ACC1 and ACC2 are structurally distinct, the former instantiating obligatory control, the latter, non-obligatory control. Additionally, we provide evidence that NOM may be an instance of non-obligatory control.Linguistic

Joint recording of EEG and audio signals in hyperscanning and pseudo-hyperscanning experiments.

Hyperscanning is an emerging technique that allows for the study of brain similarities between interacting individuals. This methodology has powerful implications for understanding the neural basis of joint actions, such as conversation; however, it also demands precise time-locking between the different brain recordings and sensory stimulation. Such precise timing, nevertheless, is often difficult to achieve. Recording auditory stimuli jointly with the ongoing high temporal resolution neurophysiological signal presents an effective way to control timing asynchronies offline between the digital trigger sent by the stimulation program and the actual onset of the auditory stimulus delivered to participants via speakers/headphones. This configuration is particularly challenging in hyperscanning setups due to the general increased complexity of the methodology. In other designs using the related technique of pseudo-hyperscanning, combined brain-auditory recordings are also a highly desirable feature, since reliable offline synchronization can be performed by using the shared audio signal. Here, we describe two hardware configurations wherein the real-time delivered auditory stimulus is recorded jointly with ongoing electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings. Specifically, we describe and provide customized implementations for joint EEG-audio recording in hyperscanning and pseudo-hyperscanning paradigms using hardware and software from Brain Products GmbH.•Joint EEG-audio recording configuration for hyperscanning and pseudo-hyperscanning paradigms.•Near zero-latency playback of auditory signal captured by a microphone.•Precise alignment between EEG and auditory stimulation

cDNA-RNA subtractive hybridization reveals increased expression of mycocerosic acid synthase in intracellular Mycobacterium bovis BCG.

Identifying genes that are differentially expressed by Mycobacterium bovis BCG after phagocytosis by macrophages will facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of host cell-intracellular pathogen interactions. To identify such genes a cDNA-total RNA subtractive hybridization strategy has been used that circumvents the problems both of limited availability of bacterial RNA from models of infection and the high rRNA backgrounds in total bacterial RNA. The subtraction products were used to screen a high-density gridded Mycobacterium tuberculosis genomic library. Sequence data were obtained from 19 differential clones, five of which contained overlapping sequences for the gene encoding mycocerosic acid synthase (mas). Mas is an enzyme involved in the synthesis of multi-methylated long-chain fatty acids that are part of phthiocerol dimycocerosate, a major component of the complex mycobacterial cell wall. Northern blotting and primer extension data confirmed up-regulation of mas in intracellular mycobacteria and also revealed a putative extended -10 promoter structure and a long untranslated upstream region 5' of the mas transcripts, containing predicted double-stranded structures. Furthermore, clones containing overlapping sequences for furB, groEL-2, rplE and fadD28 were identified and the up-regulation of these genes was confirmed by Northern blot analysis. The cDNA-RNA subtractive hybridization enrichment and high density gridded library screening, combined with selective extraction of bacterial mRNA represents a valuable approach to the identification of genes expressed during intra-macrophage residence for bacteria such as M. bovis BCG and the pathogenic mycobacterium, M. tuberculosis

Object Control in Korean

!is chapter presents and analyzes three constructions associated with object control in Korean. The constructions differ in the case marking and position of the controllee. We show that in one of these constructions, the controllee, marked in the nominative, appears in the embedded clause. At first glance this construction (which we refer to as NOM) resembles other attested cases of backward object control; however, based on primary evidence and processing data, we argue that it is an “impostor”. It instantiates non-obligatory control, with the nominative in the embedded clause co-indexed with the null pronominal object in the matrix. Since the embedded clause is adjoined to the main clause, binding violations do not occur.Linguistic

Prediction of agreement and phonetic overlap shape sublexical identification

First Published May 30, 2016The mapping between the physical speech signal and our internal representations is rarely straightforward. When faced with uncertainty, higher-order information is used to parse the signal and because of this, the lexicon and some aspects of sentential context have been shown to modulate the identification of ambiguous phonetic segments. Here, using a phoneme identification task (i.e., participants judged whether they heard [o] or [a] at the end of an adjective in a noun–adjective sequence), we asked whether grammatical gender cues influence phonetic identification and if this influence is shaped by the phonetic properties of the agreeing elements. In three experiments, we show that phrase-level gender agreement in Spanish affects the identification of ambiguous adjective-final vowels. Moreover, this effect is strongest when the phonetic characteristics of the element triggering agreement and the phonetic form of the agreeing element are identical. Our data are consistent with models wherein listeners generate specific predictions based on the interplay of underlying morphosyntactic knowledge and surface phonetic cues.Andrea E. Martin was supported by Juan de la Cierva Fellowship [JCI-2011-10228] from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and by Future Research Leaders grant from the Economic and Social Research Council of the United Kingdom [ES/K009095/1]; Philip J. Monahan was supported by Marie Curie Fellowship from the European Research Council [FP7-People-2010-IIF; Project No. 275751] and by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada. This work was also supported by grants, PSI2010-17781 and PSI2014-53277 from the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competividad. Additional support was provided by Ministerio de Ciencia E Innovacion Grant #PSI2014-53277 and by Ayuda Centro de Excelencia Severo Ochoa SEV-2015-0490 to the BCBL

Cytological and transcript analyses reveal fat and lazy persister-like bacilli in tuberculous sputum

As nonreplicating tubercle bacilli are tolerant to the cidal action of antibiotics and resistant to multiple stresses, identification of this persister-like population of tubercle bacilli in sputum presents exciting and tractable new opportunities to investigate both responses to chemotherapy and the transmission of tuberculosis

Substance Use Disorders in Adolescent and Young Adult Relatives of Probands with Bipolar Disorder: What Drives the Increased Risk?

Background Adults with bipolar disorder (BD) have higher rates of substance use disorders (SUDs) compared to the general population. SUD rates in young offspring/relatives of BD probands, as well as factors which drive those rates, are not as well-characterized. Methods We aimed to examine SUD prevalence among adolescent/young adult offspring and relatives of probands with and without BD. Data were collected from five sites in the US and Australia during 2006–2011. Youth offspring/relatives (“Relatives of BD probands;” n = 267; mean age = 16.8 years; ± 2.9 S.D.), identified through a proband family member with DSM-IV BD (Type I or II), were compared to offspring/relatives of control probands (“relatives of control probands;” n = 149; mean age = 17.4 years; ± 2.9 S.D.). Logistic regression with generalized estimating equations was used to compare the groups across a range of substance use and SUD variables. Odds ratios were calculated for lifetime prevalence of substance outcomes. Results Bivariate analyses showed DSM-IV SUDs were more prevalent among relatives of BD probands than among relatives of control probands (29% vs. 18%; p = 0.01). Generalized estimating equation models showed BD mood and childhood-onset externalizing disorders in adolescent and young adult relatives to each significantly increase the odds (OR = 2.80–3.17; p < 0.02) for the development of several substance variables among all relatives, whereas the risk of SUDs in relatives was not increased when the relatives had no mood or externalizing disorders themselves. Conclusion Relatives of BD probands with lifetime mood and externalizing disorders report more substance use/SUDs than relatives of control probands. In contrast, SUD outcomes in relatives of BD probands without mood or externalizing disorders were no different from control relatives without psychopathology. Early recognition and treatment of psychiatric disorders may lead to less substance use in this highly vulnerable population

Neuromagnetic Evidence for Early Auditory Restoration of Fundamental Pitch

Background: Understanding the time course of how listeners reconstruct a missing fundamental component in an auditory stimulus remains elusive. We report MEG evidence that the missing fundamental component of a complex auditory stimulus is recovered in auditory cortex within 100 ms post stimulus onset. Methodology: Two outside tones of four-tone complex stimuli were held constant (1200 Hz and 2400 Hz), while two inside tones were systematically modulated (between 1300 Hz and 2300 Hz), such that the restored fundamental (also knows as ‘‘virtual pitch’’) changed from 100 Hz to 600 Hz. Constructing the auditory stimuli in this manner controls for a number of spectral properties known to modulate the neuromagnetic signal. The tone complex stimuli only diverged on the value of the missing fundamental component. Principal Findings: We compared the M100 latencies of these tone complexes to the M100 latencies elicited by their respective pure tone (spectral pitch) counterparts. The M100 latencies for the tone complexes matched their pure sinusoid counterparts, while also replicating the M100 temporal latency response curve found in previous studies. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that listeners are reconstructing the inferred pitch by roughly 100 ms after stimulus onset and are consistent with previous electrophysiological research suggesting that the inferential pitch is perceived i