17 research outputs found
Intercomparisons of Nine Sky Brightness Detectors
Nine Sky Quality Meters (SQMs) have been intercompared during a night time measurement campaign held in the Netherlands in April 2011. Since then the nine SQMs have been distributed across the Netherlands and form the Dutch network for monitoring night sky brightness. The goal of the intercomparison was to infer mutual calibration factors and obtain insight into the variability of the SQMs under different meteorological situations. An ensemble average is built from the individual measurements and used as a reference to infer the mutual calibration factors. Data required additional synchronization prior to the calibration determination, because the effect of moving clouds combined with small misalignments emerges as time jitter in the measurements. Initial scatter of the individual instruments lies between ±14%. Individual night time sums range from â16% to +20%. Intercalibration reduces this to 0.5%, and â7% to +9%, respectively. During the campaign the smallest luminance measured was 0.657 ± 0.003 mcd/m2 on 12 April, and the largest value was 5.94 ± 0.03 mcd/m2 on 2 April. During both occurrences interfering circumstances like snow cover or moonlight were absent
Worldwide variations in artificial skyglow
Despite constituting a widespread and significant environmental change,
understanding of artificial nighttime skyglow is extremely limited. Until now,
published monitoring studies have been local or regional in scope, and
typically of short duration. In this first major international compilation of
monitoring data we answer several key questions about skyglow properties.
Skyglow is observed to vary over four orders of magnitude, a range hundreds of
times larger than was the case before artificial light. Nearly all of the
study sites were polluted by artificial light. A non-linear relationship is
observed between the sky brightness on clear and overcast nights, with a
change in behavior near the rural to urban landuse transition. Overcast skies
ranged from a third darker to almost 18 times brighter than clear. Clear sky
radiances estimated by the World Atlas of Artificial Night Sky Brightness were
found to be overestimated by ~25%; our dataset will play an important role in
the calibration and ground truthing of future skyglow models. Most of the
brightly lit sites darkened as the night progressed, typically by ~5% per
hour. The great variation in skyglow radiance observed from site-to-site and
with changing meteorological conditions underlines the need for a long-term
international monitoring program
Stability of the Nine Sky Quality Meters in the Dutch Night Sky Brightness Monitoring Network
In the context of monitoring abundance of artificial light at night, the year-to-year stability of Sky Quality Meters (SQMs) is investigated by analysing intercalibrations derived from two measurement campaigns that were held in 2011 and 2012. An intercalibration comprises a light sensitivity factor and an offset for each SQM. The campaigns were concerned with monitoring measurements, each lasting one month. Nine SQMs, together forming the Night Sky Brightness Monitoring network (MHN) in The Netherlands, were involved in both campaigns. The stability of the intercalibration of these instruments leads to a year-to-year uncertainty (standard deviation) of 5% in the measured median luminance occurring at the MHN monitoring locations. For the 10-percentiles and 90-percentiles, we find 8% and 4%, respectively. This means that, for urban and industrial areas, changes in the sky brightness larger than 5% become detectable. Rural and nature areas require an 8%â9% change of the median luminance to be detectable. The light sensitivety agrees within 8% for the whole group of SQMs
Skin cancer risks avoided by the Montreal Protocol - Worldwide modeling integrating coupled climate-chemistry models with a risk model for UV
The assessment model for ultraviolet radiation and risk âAMOURâ is applied to output from two chemistry-climate models (CCMs). Results from the UK Chemistry and Aerosols CCM are used to quantify the worldwide skin cancer risk avoided by the Montreal Protocol and its amendments: by the year 2030, two million cases of skin cancer have been prevented yearly, which is 14% fewer skin cancer cases per year. In the âWorld Avoided,â excess skin cancer incidence will continue to grow dramatically after 2030. Results from the CCM E39C-A are used to estimate skin cancer risk that had already been inevitably committed once ozone depletion was recognized: excess incidence will peak mid 21st century and then recover or even super-recover at the end of the century. When compared with a âNo Depletionâ scenario, with ozone undepleted and cloud characteristics as in the 1960s throughout, excess incidence (extra yearly cases skin cancer per million people) of the âFull Compliance with Montreal Protocolâ scenario is in the ranges: New Zealand: 100â150, Congo: â10â0, Patagonia: 20â50, Western Europe: 30â40, China: 90â120, South-West USA: 80â110, Mediterranean: 90â100 and North-East Australia: 170â200. This is up to 4% of total local incidence in the Full Compliance scenario in the peak yea
The assessment of the April 2020 chernobyl wildfires and their impact on Cs-137 levels in Belgium and The Netherlands.
In April 2020, several wildfires took place in and around the Chernobyl exclusion zone. These fires reintroduced radioactive particles deposited during the 1986 Chernobyl disaster into the atmosphere, causing concern about a possible radiation hazard. Several countries and several stations of the International Monitoring System measured increased Cs-137 levels. This study presents the analyses made by RIVM and SCK CEN/RMI during the April 2020 wildfires. Furthermore, more in-depth research was performed after the wildfires. A statistical analysis of Cs-137 detections is presented, comparing the April 2020 detections with historical detections. Inverse atmospheric transport modelling is applied to infer the total released Cs-137 during the wildfires. Finally, it is assessed whether the Cs-137 detections in Belgium and the Netherlands can be attributed to the wildfires
Variability of UV irradiance in Europe
The diurnal and annual variability of solar UV radiation in
Europe is described for different latitudes, seasons and
different biologic weighting functions. For the description of
this variability under cloudless skies the widely used onedimensional
version of the radiative transfer model UVSPEC
is used. We reconfirm that the major factor influencing the
diurnal and annual variability of UV irradiance is solar
elevation. While ozone is a strong absorber of UV radiation
its effect is relatively constant when compared with the
temporal variability of clouds. We show the significant role
that clouds play in modifying the UV climate by analyzing
erythemal irradiance measurements from 28 stations in Europe
in summer. On average, the daily erythemal dose under
cloudless skies varies between 2.2 kJ m-2 at 70N and
5.2 kJ m-2 at 35N, whereas these values are reduced to
1.5â4.5 kJ m-2 if clouds are included. Thus clouds significantly
reduce the monthly UV irradiation, with the smallest
reductions, on average, at lower latitudes, which corresponds
to the fact that it is often cloudless in the Mediterranean area
in summer