Book Reviews : The Optimum Utilization of Knowledge: Making Knowledge Serve Human Betterment. Kenneth E. Boulding and Lawrence Senesh, eds. (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1983) 382 pp

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68936/2/10.1177_107554708400600106.pd

Ford's Procedure for Combining Multiple Sets of Partially Ordered Data

Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/66929/2/10.1177_001316447303300104.pd

Caution profile and driving record of undergraduate males

With a device called an Apprehension Meter, 60 undergraduate males watched a 5-min film of highway driving as seen from the driver's seat and recorded a moment-by-moment judgment of degree of danger, or caution level. From responses to six discrete hazards and to intervening uneventful periods, several summary scores were derived of which five differentiated significantly by driving record. The Safe Record group remained more cautious during the uneventful (baseline) periods, reacted to hazards sooner but more gradually, relaxed more gradually after their disappearance, and consequently remained alert to each hazard longer. The Violations group were at the other extreme, and the Accidents group intermediate. Hence the Safe group appeared more prompt in detecting danger, but less abrupt in responding to it, than did the groups with infractions. In terms of consistency across six hazards or 10 baselines, reliability (Cronbach's alpha) ranged from 0.48 to 0.99. A composite caution index had an alpha of 0.85 across hazards and correctly classified 77 per cent of subjects as either safe or non-safe. The results were found consistent with those in other studies.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/22284/1/0000724.pd

Dimensions of innovation

Within a conceptual framework of three dimensions, this paper examines parallels between the process of innovation in ship-building and in nursing care. Major conclusions are: 1. A given innovation must include not only technological change but also embedding activities to ensure its fit into the adopting organization.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/43107/1/10961_2005_Article_BF02171623.pd

Coordination and Output Attainment in Work Units Performing Non-routine Tasks: A Cross- National Study

Based on an information-processing perspective (Galbraith 1972), a theoretical pro position is advanced which predicts that for work units performing non-routine tasks, the effect of unit coordination on output attainment is contingent on the sources from which the unit acquires information for task performance. This proposition is tested using a cross-national research design. Data from four national samples — Austria, Belgium, Hungary, and Poland — of academic research units support the proposition. The results reinforce the need for a contingency approach to the study of coordination and performance in organizations. They also provide some insight into the interplay between society and organization.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/68600/2/10.1177_017084068500600102.pd

Occupational Radiation Protection in Interventional Radiology: A Joint Guideline of the Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology Society of Europe and the Society of Interventional Radiology

No Abstract

Development and Validation of a Risk Score for Chronic Kidney Disease in HIV Infection Using Prospective Cohort Data from the D:A:D Study

Ristola M. on työryhmien DAD Study Grp ; Royal Free Hosp Clin Cohort ; INSIGHT Study Grp ; SMART Study Grp ; ESPRIT Study Grp jäsen.Background Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a major health issue for HIV-positive individuals, associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Development and implementation of a risk score model for CKD would allow comparison of the risks and benefits of adding potentially nephrotoxic antiretrovirals to a treatment regimen and would identify those at greatest risk of CKD. The aims of this study were to develop a simple, externally validated, and widely applicable long-term risk score model for CKD in HIV-positive individuals that can guide decision making in clinical practice. Methods and Findings A total of 17,954 HIV-positive individuals from the Data Collection on Adverse Events of Anti-HIV Drugs (D:A:D) study with >= 3 estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) values after 1 January 2004 were included. Baseline was defined as the first eGFR > 60 ml/min/1.73 m2 after 1 January 2004; individuals with exposure to tenofovir, atazanavir, atazanavir/ritonavir, lopinavir/ritonavir, other boosted protease inhibitors before baseline were excluded. CKD was defined as confirmed (>3 mo apart) eGFR In the D:A:D study, 641 individuals developed CKD during 103,185 person-years of follow-up (PYFU; incidence 6.2/1,000 PYFU, 95% CI 5.7-6.7; median follow-up 6.1 y, range 0.3-9.1 y). Older age, intravenous drug use, hepatitis C coinfection, lower baseline eGFR, female gender, lower CD4 count nadir, hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD) predicted CKD. The adjusted incidence rate ratios of these nine categorical variables were scaled and summed to create the risk score. The median risk score at baseline was -2 (interquartile range -4 to 2). There was a 1: 393 chance of developing CKD in the next 5 y in the low risk group (risk score = 5, 505 events), respectively. Number needed to harm (NNTH) at 5 y when starting unboosted atazanavir or lopinavir/ritonavir among those with a low risk score was 1,702 (95% CI 1,166-3,367); NNTH was 202 (95% CI 159-278) and 21 (95% CI 19-23), respectively, for those with a medium and high risk score. NNTH was 739 (95% CI 506-1462), 88 (95% CI 69-121), and 9 (95% CI 8-10) for those with a low, medium, and high risk score, respectively, starting tenofovir, atazanavir/ritonavir, or another boosted protease inhibitor. The Royal Free Hospital Clinic Cohort included 2,548 individuals, of whom 94 individuals developed CKD (3.7%) during 18,376 PYFU (median follow-up 7.4 y, range 0.3-12.7 y). Of 2,013 individuals included from the SMART/ESPRIT control arms, 32 individuals developed CKD (1.6%) during 8,452 PYFU (median follow-up 4.1 y, range 0.6-8.1 y). External validation showed that the risk score predicted well in these cohorts. Limitations of this study included limited data on race and no information on proteinuria. Conclusions Both traditional and HIV-related risk factors were predictive of CKD. These factors were used to develop a risk score for CKD in HIV infection, externally validated, that has direct clinical relevance for patients and clinicians to weigh the benefits of certain antiretrovirals against the risk of CKD and to identify those at greatest risk of CKD.Peer reviewe

Scientists In Organizations: Productive Climates For Research And Development

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/3553/thumbnail.jp

Scientists In Organizations: Productive Climates For Research And Development

https://works.swarthmore.edu/alum-books/3552/thumbnail.jp