1,057 research outputs found
Design of Shallow Wells for Drainage by Pumping, Lewiston Area, Utah
After approximately 25 years of using open drains in the Lewiston Area, Utah, the water table has not changed appreciably from what it was in 1921 when Hart and Adams (4) conducted their drainage investigations. It is still only about three feet below the ground surface. This is not effective drainage, meeting neither of the two primary drainage requirements of an arid or semi-arid agricultural region, namely; preventing an accumulation of excessive water within the depth of soil required for optimum growth of plant root systems, and maintaining the water table at a depth below the ground surface greater than the maximum height capillary water can rise, carrying any harmful salts that may be present in solution
Translations: effects of viewpoint, feature, naming and context on identifying repeatedly copied drawings
We explored the tension between bottom – up and top – down contributions to object recognition in a collaboration between a visual artist and a cognitive psychologist. Initial pictorial renderings of objects and animals from various viewpoints were iteratively copied, and a series of drawings that changed from highly concrete images into highly abstract images was produced. In drawing identification in which sets were shown in reverse order, participants were more accurate, more confident, and quicker to correctly identify the evolving image when it was originally displayed from a canonical viewpoint with all salient features present. In drawing identification in which images were shown in random order, more abstract images could be resolved as a result of previously identifying a more concrete iteration of the same drawing. The results raise issues about the influence of viewpoint and feature on the preservation of pictorial images and about the role of labelling in the interpretation of ambiguous stimuli. In addition, the study highlights a procedure in which visual stimuli can degrade without necessitating a substantial loss of complexity
Using Photometrically-Derived Properties of Young Stars to Refine TESS's Transiting Young Planet Survey Completeness
The demographics of young exoplanets can shed light onto their formation and
evolution processes. Exoplanet properties are derived from the properties of
their host stars. As such, it is important to accurately characterize the host
stars since any systematic biases in their derivation can negatively impact the
derivation of planetary properties. Here, we present a uniform catalog of
photometrically-derived stellar effective temperatures, luminosities, radii,
and masses for 4,865 young (<1 Gyr) stars in 31 nearby clusters and moving
groups within 200 pc. We compared our photometrically-derived properties to a
subset of those derived from spectra, and found them to be in good agreement.
We also investigated the effect of stellar properties on the detection
efficiency of transiting short-period young planets with TESS as calculated in
Fernandes et al. 2022, and found an overall increase in the detection
efficiency when the new photometrically derived properties were taken into
account. Most notably, there is a 1.5 times increase in the detection
efficiencies for sub-Neptunes/Neptunes (1.8-6 Re) implying that, for our sample
of young stars, better characterization of host star properties can lead to the
recovery of more small transiting planets. Our homogeneously derived catalog of
updated stellar properties, along with a larger unbiased stellar sample and
more detections of young planets, will be a crucial input to the accurate
estimation of the occurrence rates of young short-period planets.Comment: 16 pages, 5 Figures, 3 Tables. Revised and resubmitted to AJ after a
favorable referee report. Co-First Author
The relationship between city “greenness” and homicide in the US : evidence over a 30-year period
Residents in US cities are exposed to high levels of stress and violent crime. At the same time, a number of cities have put forward “greening” efforts which may promote nature’s calming effects and reduce stressful stimuli. Previous research has shown that greening may lower aggressive behaviors and violent crime. In this study we examined, for the first time, the longitudinal effects over a 30-year period of average city greenness on homicide rates across 290 major cities in the US, using multilevel linear growth curve modeling. Overall, homicide rates in US cities decreased over this time-period (52.1–33.5 per 100,000 population) while the average greenness increased slightly (0.41–0.43 NDVI). Change in average city greenness was negatively associated with homicide, controlling for a range of variables (β = −.30, p-value = .02). The results of this study suggest that efforts to increase urban greenness may have small but significant violence-reduction benefits.https://journals.sagepub.com/home/EABhj2023Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorolog
The Impact of Parameterized Convection on the Simulation of Crop Processes
Global climate and weather models are a key tool for the prediction of future crop productivity, but they all rely on parameterizations of atmospheric convection, which often produce significant biases in rainfall characteristics over the tropics. The authors evaluate the impact of these biases by driving the General Large Area Model for annual crops (GLAM) with regional-scale atmospheric simulations of one cropping season over West Africa at different resolutions, with and without a parameterization of convection, and compare these with a GLAM run driven by observations. The parameterization of convection produces too light and frequent rainfall throughout the domain, as compared with the short, localized, high-intensity events in the observations and in the convection-permitting runs. Persistent light rain increases surface evaporation, and much heavier rainfall is required to trigger planting. Planting is therefore delayed in the runs with parameterized convection and occurs at a seasonally cooler time, altering the environmental conditions experienced by the crops. Even at high resolutions, runs driven by parameterized convection underpredict the small-scale variability in yields produced by realistic rainfall patterns. Correcting the distribution of rainfall frequencies and intensities before use in crop models will improve the process-based representation of the crop life cycle, increasing confidence in the predictions of crop yield. The rainfall biases described here are a common feature of parameterizations of convection, and therefore the crop-model errors described are likely to occur when using any global weather or climate model, thus remaining hidden when using climate-model intercomparisons to evaluate uncertainty
Blazars in the Fermi Era: The OVRO 40-m Telescope Monitoring Program
The Large Area Telescope (LAT) aboard the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope
provides an unprecedented opportunity to study gamma-ray blazars. To capitalize
on this opportunity, beginning in late 2007, about a year before the start of
LAT science operations, we began a large-scale, fast-cadence 15 GHz radio
monitoring program with the 40-m telescope at the Owens Valley Radio
Observatory (OVRO). This program began with the 1158 northern (declination>-20
deg) sources from the Candidate Gamma-ray Blazar Survey (CGRaBS) and now
encompasses over 1500 sources, each observed twice per week with a ~4 mJy
(minimum) and 3% (typical) uncertainty. Here, we describe this monitoring
program and our methods, and present radio light curves from the first two
years (2008 and 2009). As a first application, we combine these data with a
novel measure of light curve variability amplitude, the intrinsic modulation
index, through a likelihood analysis to examine the variability properties of
subpopulations of our sample. We demonstrate that, with high significance
(7-sigma), gamma-ray-loud blazars detected by the LAT during its first 11
months of operation vary with about a factor of two greater amplitude than do
the gamma-ray-quiet blazars in our sample. We also find a significant (3-sigma)
difference between variability amplitude in BL Lacertae objects and
flat-spectrum radio quasars (FSRQs), with the former exhibiting larger
variability amplitudes. Finally, low-redshift (z<1) FSRQs are found to vary
more strongly than high-redshift FSRQs, with 3-sigma significance. These
findings represent an important step toward understanding why some blazars emit
gamma-rays while others, with apparently similar properties, remain silent.Comment: 23 pages, 24 figures. Submitted to ApJ
MSH3 polymorphisms and protein levels affect CAG repeat instability in huntington's disease mice
Expansions of trinucleotide CAG/CTG repeats in somatic tissues are thought to contribute to ongoing disease progression through an affected individual's life with Huntington's disease or myotonic dystrophy. Broad ranges of repeat instability arise between individuals with expanded repeats, suggesting the existence of modifiers of repeat instability. Mice with expanded CAG/CTG repeats show variable levels of instability depending upon mouse strain. However, to date the genetic modifiers underlying these differences have not been identified. We show that in liver and striatum the R6/1 Huntington's disease (HD) (CAG)~100 transgene, when present in a congenic C57BL/6J (B6) background, incurred expansion-biased repeat mutations, whereas the repeat was stable in a congenic BALB/cByJ (CBy) background. Reciprocal congenic mice revealed the Msh3 gene as the determinant for the differences in repeat instability. Expansion bias was observed in congenic mice homozygous for the B6 Msh3 gene on a CBy background, while the CAG tract was stabilized in congenics homozygous for the CBy Msh3 gene on a B6 background. The CAG stabilization was as dramatic as genetic deficiency of Msh2. The B6 and CBy Msh3 genes had identical promoters but differed in coding regions and showed strikingly different protein levels. B6 MSH3 variant protein is highly expressed and associated with CAG expansions, while the CBy MSH3 variant protein is expressed at barely detectable levels, associating with CAG stability. The DHFR protein, which is divergently transcribed from a promoter shared by the Msh3 gene, did not show varied levels between mouse strains. Thus, naturally occurring MSH3 protein polymorphisms are modifiers of CAG repeat instability, likely through variable MSH3 protein stability. Since evidence supports that somatic CAG instability is a modifier and predictor of disease, our data are consistent with the hypothesis that variable levels of CAG instability associated with polymorphisms of DNA repair genes may have prognostic implications for various repeat-associated diseases
The Breakdown of Alfven's Theorem in Ideal Plasma Flows
This paper presents both rigorous results and physical theory on the
breakdown of magnetic flux conservation for ideal plasmas, by nonlinear
effects. Our analysis is based upon an effective equation for
magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modes at length-scales with smaller scales
eliminated, as in renormalization-group methodology. We prove that
flux-conservation can be violated for an arbitrarily small length-scale
and in the absence of any non-ideality, but only if singular current sheets and
vortex sheets both exist and intersect in sets of large enough dimension. This
result gives analytical support to and rigorous constraints on theories of fast
turbulent reconnection. Mathematically, our theorem is analogous to Onsager's
result on energy dissipation anomaly in hydrodynamic turbulence. As a physical
phenomenon, the breakdown of magnetic-flux conservation in ideal MHD is similar
to the decay of magnetic flux through a narrow superconducting ring, by
phase-slip of quantized flux lines. The effect should be observable both in
numerical MHD simulations and in laboratory plasma experiments at moderately
high magnetic Reynolds numbers.Comment: 38 pages, 1 figur
Observational evidence for cosmological coupling of black holes and its implications for an astrophysical source of dark energy
Observations have found black holes spanning ten orders of magnitude in mass
across most of cosmic history. The Kerr black hole solution is however
provisional as its behavior at infinity is incompatible with an expanding
universe. Black hole models with realistic behavior at infinity predict that
the gravitating mass of a black hole can increase with the expansion of the
universe independently of accretion or mergers, in a manner that depends on the
black hole's interior solution. We test this prediction by considering the
growth of supermassive black holes in elliptical galaxies over
. We find evidence for cosmologically coupled mass growth among
these black holes, with zero cosmological coupling excluded at 99.98%
confidence. The redshift dependence of the mass growth implies that, at
, black holes contribute an effectively constant cosmological
energy density to Friedmann's equations. The continuity equation then requires
that black holes contribute cosmologically as vacuum energy. We further show
that black hole production from the cosmic star formation history gives the
value of measured by Planck while being consistent with
constraints from massive compact halo objects. We thus propose that stellar
remnant black holes are the astrophysical origin of dark energy, explaining the
onset of accelerating expansion at .Comment: 10 pages, 3 figures, published in ApJ Letter
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