SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROVIDING PREFERENCE BASED PAYMENT TRANSACTION BETWEEN BUYER AND SUPPLIER

A method comprising receiving supplier data from an issuer server and comparing supplier data to primary merchants that accept a first payment type. Based on the comparison, the method includes determining qualifying suppliers matching primary merchants and non-qualifying suppliers without a match of primary merchants. The method includes comparing the non-qualifying suppliers with secondary merchants accepting a second payment type from a payment service provider that accepts the first payment type. Based on the comparison, the method includes determining BPSP recipients matching secondary merchants

After the teleconsultation : getting medicines to patients when pharmacy services are not available

Peer reviewe

Genetic code expansion in Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 allows site-specific incorporation of bioorthogonal functional groups into a c-type Cytochrome

Genetic code expansion has enabled cellular synthesis of proteins containing unique chemical functional groups to allow understanding and modulation of biological systems and engineer new biotechnology. Here we report the development of efficient methods for site-specific incorporation of structurally diverse non-canonical amino acids (ncAAs) into proteins expressed in the electroactive bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. We demonstrate that the biosynthetic machinery for ncAA incorporation is compatible and orthogonal to endogenous pathways of S. oneidensis MR-1 for protein synthesis, maturation of c-type cytochromes, and protein secretion. This allowed efficient synthesis of a c-type cytochrome, MtrC, containing site-specifically incorporated ncAA in S. oneidensis MR-1 cells. We demonstrate that site-specific replacement of surface residues in MtrC with ncAAs does not influence its three-dimensional structure and redox properties. We also demonstrate that site-specifically incorporated biorthogonal functional groups could be used for efficient site-selective labelling of MtrC with fluorophores. These synthetic biology developments pave the way to expand the chemical repertoire of designer proteins expressed in S. oneidensis MR-1

Food site residence time and female competitive relationships in wild gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena)

Authors of socioecological models propose that food distribution affects female social relationships in that clumped food resources, such as fruit, result in strong dominance hierarchies and favor coalition formation with female relatives. A number of Old World monkey species have been used to test predictions of the socioecological models. However, arboreal forest-living Old World monkeys have been understudied in this regard, and it is legitimate to ask whether predominantly arboreal primates living in tropical forests exhibit similar or different patterns of behavior. Therefore, the goal of our study was to investigate female dominance relationships in relation to food in gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena). Since gray-cheeked mangabeys are largely frugivorous, we predicted that females would have linear dominance hierarchies and form coalitions. In addition, recent studies suggest that long food site residence time is another important factor in eliciting competitive interactions. Therefore, we also predicted that when foods had long site residence times, higher-ranking females would be able to spend longer at the resource than lower-ranking females. Analyses showed that coalitions were rare relative to some other Old World primate species, but females had linear dominance hierarchies. We found that, contrary to expectation, fruit was not associated with more agonism and did not involve long site residence times. However, bark, a food with a long site residence time and potentially high resource value, was associated with more agonism, and higher-ranking females were able to spend more time feeding on it than lower-ranking females. These results suggest that higher-ranking females may benefit from higher food and energy intake rates when food site residence times are long. These findings also add to accumulating evidence that food site residence time is a behavioral contributor to female dominance hierarchies in group-living species

Female grooming markets in a population of gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena)

Primate female allogrooming models based on biological markets theory predict that grooming is "time matched" within bouts, that is, the amount of time the first female grooms predicts the amount of time the second one grooms. The models also predict that when female--female contest competition is weak, grooming is traded for grooming, but when female--female contest competition is strong, grooming may be traded for other commodities such as feeding tolerance, and grooming discrepancy between members of dyads is rank related. We tested these predictions using data collected from adult and subadult female gray-cheeked mangabeys (Lophocebus albigena) (N = 26) in 5 groups in Kibale National Park, Uganda. We found that, overall, females reciprocated in 33% of grooming bouts. Among reciprocated bouts, females in all 5 groups showed time matching. In 2 groups, we also found rank-related grooming discrepancies but showing opposite patterns to each other. Consistent with predictions based on biological markets theory, these groups may have been under greater feeding competition, revealed more by adjustments in ranging behavior than increased agonistic rates. Although these results support current allogrooming models, they also suggest that the models may become more robust if the influence of scramble competition is incorporated. In addition, they emphasize the flexibility and dynamic nature of female competitive relationships within the same population of primates. Copyright 2009, Oxford University Press.