Geoweb 2.0 for Participatory Urban Design: Affordances and Critical Success Factors

In this paper, we discuss the affordances of open-source Geoweb 2.0 platforms to support the participatory design of urban projects in real-world practices.We first introduce the two open-source platforms used in our study for testing purposes. Then, based on evidence from five different field studies we identify five affordances of these platforms: conversations on alternative urban projects, citizen consultation, design empowerment, design studio learning and design research. We elaborate on these in detail and identify a key set of success factors for the facilitation of better practices in the future

Design Activities And Decisions In Conventional And Computer Aided Architectural Design Processes

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2009Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2009Bu çalışmanın amacı bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel mimari tasarım süreçlerindeki benzerlikler ve farklılıkları analiz ederek, tasarım araç ve ortamlarının öğrencilerin tasarım davranışı üzerindeki etkisini araştırmaktır. Tasarım süreçleri incelenirken, tasarım araştırmaları alanındaki iki ana yaklaşımı (Simon’ın rasyonel problem çözme ve Schön’ün eylemde yansıma) birleştiren bir teorik model kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışma, bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel mimari tasarım süreçlerindeki belirli tasarım eylemleri, stratejiler, kararlar ve bunların organizasyonuna odaklanmıştır. Bu başlıklar ve alt kategorileri, teorik modellerden, literatürdeki diğer çalışmalardan ve pilot çalışmaların analizi sonucunda belirlenmiştir. Araştırma metodu tasarlanmadan önce kapsamlı bir literatür araştırması yapılmıştır. Mevcut teorik kavramlar, deneysel bulgular ve olası ölçüm biçimleri analiz ve değerlendirme metodolojilerine odaklanarak gözden geçirilmiş, bilgisayar destekli tasarım sürecine ilişkin birçok informel gözlem ve varsayım olmasına karşın, kısıtlı sayıda deneysel çalışma gerçekleştirildiği sonucuna varılmıştır. Bu sebeple, tüm araştırma safhalarında, özellikle başlangıç ve sonuç aşamalarındaki ölçüm kriterleri belirlenirken, tasarım eyleminin çeşitli araştırmacılar tarafından yapılan farklı tanımları değerlendirilmiş ve göz önüne alınmıştır. Mimari tasarım araç ve ortamlarına ilişkin tüm deneysel çalışmalarda bilgisayar destekli mimari tasarım süreci geleneksel mimari tasarım süreci ile karşılaştırılarak değerlendirilmiştir (Bölüm 4.1’de ayrıntıları incelenebilir). Genel literatür taramasından sonra, iki deneysel kuruluş içeren kontrollü bir deney yürütülmesi kararlaştırılmıştır: birinci deneysel durumda (C01), denekler yalnızca tercih ettikleri yazılım(lar)la tasarım yaparken, ikinci deneysel durumda (C02) deneklerin yalnızca kalem, kağıt, cetvel gibi geleneksel tasarım araçları ile tasarım yapmasına izin verilmiştir. Bu tasarım göz önüne alınarak 16 mimari tasarım öğrencisi üzerinde her biri 120 dakika süren bir deney çalışması gerçekleştirilmiştir. Tüm tasarım deneyleri aynı laboratuar ve aynı saatlerde gerçekleştirilmiş ve aynı kayıt cihazları kullanılarak ölçüm yapılmıştır. Deney çalışmasında yer alan deneklerin tamamı İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi son sınıf öğrencisidir. Eğitimsel ve mesleki deneyim farklılıklarını en aza indirgemek için deneklerin tamamı benzer demografik yapılarda seçilmiştir. Deneyler İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi’nde gerçekleştirilmiş, ve toplam 1890 dakikalık protokol kaydı elde edilmiştir. Bu bağlamda bu deneysel çalışma indekslenmiş çalışmalar göz önüne alındığında şimdiye kadar gerçekleştirilmiş en kapsamlı tasarım deneyidir. Bu da sonuçların güvenilirliğini pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. Araştırma sorularının karakteristikleri, denekleri profilleri, deneyin uzunluğu ve benzer çalışmalarda kullanılan problemler dikkate alınarak yeni bir tasarım problemi oluşturulmuştur. Problem tanımı deneklerin tasarım şartlarını yeniden yapılandırıp tanımlamalarına olanak sağlayacak şekilde (göreceli olarak) kısa tutulmuştur. Deneylerin istatistiksel analizi sonucunda temsiller, konseptler ve strüktür ilgili kararlar ve metinsel temsilerin ortalamaları arasında anlamlı farklar bulunmuştur.. Ayrıca bilgisayar ortamında tasarım yapan deneklerin kararlarının zaman içindeki düzenlerinde gözle görülebilir farklılıklar bulunmaktadır. Bu deneklerin tamamına yakını üç boyutlu temsil üretme aşamasında tasarım sürecine ilişkin sayısız karar vermelerine rağmen çok az sayıda kavramsal karar vermişlerdir. Söz konusu denekler mevcut tasarım mekanının ayrıntılı üç boyutlu temsillerini üretmeye odaklanmışlardır. Öte yandan geleneksel yöntemlerle tasarım yapan denekler çok daha basit temsiller kullanarak tasarım yapmış ve kavramsal karar verme süreçleri kesintiye uğramamıştır.The aim of this study is to explore the possible reflections of the design domains on the students’ design behavior by analyzing the similarities and differences between the computer-aided and conventional architectural design process. A hybrid theoretical model is used to combine two major approaches to design research (rational problem solving by Simon and reflection-in-action by Schön) for investigating the design process. The focus of this study is on certain topics of design activities, strategies, decisions and their organization in these two different cases. The sub-categories of these topics are inferred from the key findings of previously conducted studies and analysis of pilot experiments. A comprehensive literature review was conducted before starting to design the research method. Theoretical concepts and empirical findings were revised with the focus on possible dimensions of measurement, analysis and evaluation methodologies. It is found that, although there is a variety of unstructured observations and assumptions about computer-aided design process, only a limited number of empirical studies have been carried out in the related research area. In all of the empirical studies, CAAD process was evaluated in comparison to the conventional design process (these are extensively reviewed in the Section 4.1). Thus, different descriptions of the design activity by different researchers were reviewed and considered in all research phases, especially while determining the preliminary and final dimensions of measurement. After a general survey of former empirical research on CAAD, it was decided to conduct a controlled experiment with two conditions: first experimental condition (C01), the subjects were obliged to design with the software they prefer while participants in the control condition (C02) were only allowed to utilize only conventional tools. The sample population was determined as 16 senior students of ITU Faculty of Architecture. This decision was based on the homogeneity of design expertise and software use among the students, shared design terminology between the researcher and the students, high accessibility of subjects and the possibility of contributing to the architectural design approaches in ITU. The duration of the experiment was defined as 120 minutes, due to the feasibility issues and time length of previous studies. The experiments were conducted in ITU Faculty of Architecture and a total of 1890 minutes of protocol recordings were obtained. In terms of the number of participants and length of the experiments, this research is one of the most comprehensive studies ever undertaken among the indexed publications. A design problem was formulated considering the characteristics of the research question, sample population, the duration of the experiment and the problems that were used in similar surveys. The problem description is decided to be relatively short in order to motivate the participants to restructure and redefine requirements. Analysis of the experiments revealed that there is significant difference between the means of decisions on representation, decisions on the design process, concepts, structure and textual representations in conventional design and CAAD conditions. Moreover, the overall decisions of the subjects that designed using CAAD software were organized differently throughout time. All of the subjects in this condition took numerous decisions about the design process but very few conceptual ones. They were focused more on creating detailed representations of the existing context. On the other hand, subjects in the conventional design condition used simpler representations and their conceptual decision making process was more continuous.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

Bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel mimari tasarım süreçlerinde tasarım kararları

This publication is derived from a PhD thesis that aims to explore the possible reflections of the design domains on the students design behavior by analyzing the similarities and differences between the computer-aided and conventional architectural design process. The focus of this study is on conceptual and overall design decisions in these two different cases. A comprehensive literature review was conducted before starting to design the research method. Theoretical concepts and empirical findings were revised with the focus on possible dimensions of measurement, analysis and evaluation methodologies. It was concluded that there is a lack consensus in the research area. Although there is a variety of unstructured observations and assumptions about computer-aided design process, only a limited number of empirical studies have been carried out in the related research area. In all of the empirical studies, computer aided architectural design (CAAD) process was evaluated in comparison to the conventional design process. Thus, different descriptions of the design activity by different researchers were reviewed and considered in all research phases, especially while determining the preliminary and final dimensions of measurement. A hybrid theoretical model is used to combine two major approaches to design research (rational problem solving by Herbert A. Simon and reflection-in-action by Donald A. Schön) for investigating the design process. After the general survey of former empirical research on CAAD, it was decided to conduct a controlled experiment with two conditions: first experimental condition (E01), the subjects were obliged to design with the software they prefer while participants in the control condition (E02) were only allowed to utilize only conventional tools. The sample population was determined as senior students of Istanbul Technical University, Faculty of Architecture. This decision was based on the homogeneity of design expertise and software use among the students, shared design terminology between the researcher and the students, high accessibility of subjects and possibility of contributing to the architectural design approaches in ITU. The duration of the experiment was defined as 120 minutes, considering time length of the previous studies and feasibility issues. The experiments were conducted in ITU Faculty of Architecture and a total of 1890 minutes of protocol recordings were obtained. In terms of the number of participants and length of the experiments, this research is one of the most comprehensive studies ever undertaken among the indexed publications. The design problem for the experiment was formulated considering the characteristics of the research question, sample population, the duration of the experiment and the problems that were used in similar surveys. The problem description is decided to be relatively short in order to motivate the participants to restructure and redefine requirements. Analysis of the experiments revealed that there is significant difference between the means of total number of design decisions in conventional design and CAAD conditions. Moreover, in certain experimental sessions, the design decisions were found to be differently organized in time. These observations may be related to the unique properties of CAAD media. The potential of the medium to create automated reproductions, complex representations and rich visual content may have led the subjects to focus more on the design process and the medium itself. The expertise level of the students that participated CAAD experiments may also have affected the findings, as their awareness in this area is lower than professional architect. Another possible reason of the difference in the mean number of decisions on design process can be the fact that sketching is a goal-directed automatic behavior. In contrast, CAAD processes require human computer interaction, conscious reasoning, thinking about the tools and process planning. The interactive nature of the medium may be shifting the focus of the subjects to the process itself, as they are obliged to use a certain format, which can be transformed, processed and stored by the computer. It is important to note that findings of this study are generalizable only to a limited domain as they are limited with the number and profiles of participating students and specific to the design problem and setup used in the experiments. All of the observations reflect the conceptual design phase; therefore, they cannot be generalized to the whole design process. Further research on the use of digital domains in the design process is needed for a clearer insight into architectural education and professional practices. Keywords: Design research, computer aided architectural design, protocol analysis.Bu çalışma, mimari tasarım öğrencilerinin bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel tasarım süreçlerinde aldıkları tasarım kararları ve gerçekleştirdikleri eylemlerin benzerlik ve farklılıklarının deneysel olarak incelenmesinin amaçlandığı bir doktora tezinden üretilmiştir. Doktora tezinde ölçülen boyutlar ve tartışılan kavramlar sayıca tek bir makalede değerlendirilemeyecek kadar çok olduğundan bu makalede toplam ve kavramsal tasarım kararları ve bunların üretilen temsiller ile ilişkilerine odaklanılmıştır. Araştırma hipotezi, bilgisayar destekli ve geleneksel mimari tasarım süreçlerinde mimarlık öğrencilerin verdiği toplam tasarım kararları arasında niceliksel farklılıklar bulunduğunu öngörmektedir. Bu hipotezi test etmek amacıyla, iki değişik deneysel durum içeren kontrollü bir deney yürütülmesi kararlaştırılmıştır: birinci deneysel durumda (E01) denekler tercih ettikleri yazılım(lar)la tasarım yaparken, ikinci deneysel durumda (E02) deneklerin yalnızca kalem, kağıt, cetvel gibi geleneksel tasarım araçları ile tasarım yapmalarına izin verilmiştir. Deneyler İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi’nde gerçekleştirilmiş ve toplam 1890 dakikalık protokol kaydı elde edilmiştir. Deney çalışmasında yer alan deneklerin tamamı İTÜ Mimarlık Fakültesi son sınıf öğrencisidir. Eğitimsel ve mesleki deneyim farklılıklarını en aza indirgemek için deneklerin tamamı benzer demografik yapılarda seçilmiştir. Bu bağlamda yürütülen deneysel çalışma -indekslenmiş yayınlar göz önüne alındığında- şimdiye kadar gerçekleştirilmiş en kapsamlı tasarım deneyi olarak tanımlanabilir. Bu da sonuçların güvenilirliğini pozitif yönde etkilemiştir. Elde edilen kayıtlar, protokol analizi yöntemi ile nitel ve nicel olarak değerlendirilmiş ve yapılan istatistiksel testler sonucunda iki grubun ortalamaları arasındaki farklar anlamlı bulunmuştur. Ayrıca bilgisayar ortamında tasarım yapan deneklerin kararlarının zaman içindeki organizasyonunda da farklılıklar gözlemlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tasarım araştırmaları, bilgisayar destekli mimari tasarım, Protokol analizi

The right place. Finding locations for the co-creation of temporary affordable housing through the Solidary Mobile Housing Pilot Project

Ces dernières années, nombre de villes ont commencé à expérimenter l’usage temporaire d’« espaces en attente » comme moyen d’améliorer la ville. Diverses initiatives ponctuelles ont vu le jour. Certaines organisations de la société civile y voient une occasion de faire face à la nécessité urgente de disposer de logements à prix modéré plus nombreux et de meilleure qualité. Mais comment cela se passe-t-il en pratique ? Le présent article décrit et évalue le processus de recherche de lieux mis au point pour le projet pilote Solidary Mobile Housing ; celui-ci s’inscrit dans le cadre d’un projet de recherche-action participative en cours visant à cocréer avec les sans-abri des logements temporaires qui leur soient destinés dans les espaces urbains en attente. À partir de cette expérience et d’échanges de connaissances avec des spécialistes de premier plan et des acteurs de terrain, il s’agit d’examiner les possibilités et les limites de l’utilisation d’espaces inoccupés ou sous-exploités pour apporter une réponse immédiate (bien que partielle et à court terme) à la crise actuelle en matière de logements abordables en assurant la mise à disposition de logements temporaires, pour les personnes vulnérables et avec leur concours, dans la Région de Bruxelles-Capitale.Sinds een aantal jaar experimenteren heel wat steden met het tijdelijk gebruik van “pauzelandschappen” om de stad op te waarderen, wat leidde tot diverse tijdelijke initiatieven. Bepaalde maatschappelijke organisaties zien hierin een kans om de dringende vraag naar meer en kwaliteitsvollere betaalbare woningen aan te pakken. Maar hoe werkt dat in de praktijk? In dit artikel beschrijven en evalueren we het proces van het vinden van een locatie in het kader van het “Solidair Mobiel Wonen”-pilootproject, dat deel uitmaakt van een participatief actieonderzoeksproject rond de co-creatie van tijdelijke woningen voor thuislozen in stedelijke pauzelandschappen. Op basis van deze ervaring en de kennisuitwisseling met wetenschappelijke en terreinexperts bekijken we de mogelijkheden en beperkingen van het gebruik van on(der)gebruikte ruimten als snelle – maar weliswaar slechts gedeeltelijke – oplossing voor het huidige tekort aan betaalbare woningen door de co-creatie van tijdelijke huisvesting met en voor kwetsbare mensen in het Brussels Hoofdstedelijk Gewest.In recent years, many cities have begun experimenting with the temporary use of “waiting spaces” as a tool for upgrading the city. A variety of temporary initiatives have emerged. Some civil society organisations see this as an opportunity to address the pressing demand for more and higher quality affordable housing. But how does this work in practice? This paper describes and evaluates the location-finding process developed for the Solidary Mobile Housing Pilot Project, part of an ongoing participatory action research project for the co-creation of temporary housing on urban waiting spaces with and for homeless people. Based on this experience and knowledge exchanges with key experts and field actors, we are assessing the possibilities and limitations of using un(der)used spaces to provide an immediate (although partial and short-term) answer to the current affordable housing crisis through the provision of temporary housing with and for vulnerable people in the Brussels-Capital Region

Participant and spectator scaling of spectator fragments in Au + Au and Cu + Cu collisions at √sNN = 19.6 and 22.4 GeV

Spectator fragments resulting from relativistic heavy ion collisions, consisting of single protons and neutrons along with groups of stable nuclear fragments up to nitrogen (Z=7), are measured in PHOBOS. These fragments are observed in Au+Au (√sNN =19.6GeV) and Cu+Cu (22.4 GeV) collisions at high pseudorapidity (η). The dominant multiply-charged fragment is the tightly bound helium (α), with lithium, beryllium, and boron all clearly seen as a function of collision centrality and pseudorapidity. We observe that in Cu+Cu collisions, it becomes much more favorable for the α fragments to be released than lithium. The yields of fragments approximately scale with the number of spectator nucleons, independent of the colliding ion. The shapes of the pseudorapidity distributions of fragments indicate that the average deflection of the fragments away from the beam direction increases for more central collisions. A detailed comparison of the shapes for α and lithium fragments indicates that the centrality dependence of the deflections favors a scaling with the number of participants in the collision.United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-AC02-98CH10886)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02-93ER40802)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02-94ER40818)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02-94ER40865)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-FG02- 99ER41099)United States. Department of Energy (Grant DE-AC02-06CH11357)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 9603486)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 0072204)National Science Foundation (U.S.) (Grant 0245011

Measurement of the top quark forward-backward production asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric and chromomagnetic moments in pp collisions at √s = 13 TeV

Abstract The parton-level top quark (t) forward-backward asymmetry and the anomalous chromoelectric (d̂ t) and chromomagnetic (μ̂ t) moments have been measured using LHC pp collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV, collected in the CMS detector in a data sample corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 35.9 fb−1. The linearized variable AFB(1) is used to approximate the asymmetry. Candidate t t ¯ events decaying to a muon or electron and jets in final states with low and high Lorentz boosts are selected and reconstructed using a fit of the kinematic distributions of the decay products to those expected for t t ¯ final states. The values found for the parameters are AFB(1)=0.048−0.087+0.095(stat)−0.029+0.020(syst),μ̂t=−0.024−0.009+0.013(stat)−0.011+0.016(syst), and a limit is placed on the magnitude of | d̂ t| < 0.03 at 95% confidence level. [Figure not available: see fulltext.

Measurement of t(t)over-bar normalised multi-differential cross sections in pp collisions at root s=13 TeV, and simultaneous determination of the strong coupling strength, top quark pole mass, and parton distribution functions

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