Gastroparesia diabética: revisión corta con viñeta clínica ilustrativa. Actualización y puntos más relevantes para la práctica clínica

La gastroparesia diabética es una entidad conocida, aunque en oportunidades se torna difícil su manejo con tratamiento médico, por lo que se deben contemplar otras opciones terapéuticas avanzadas. Es una enfermedad que amerita el tratamiento en conjunto entre gastroenterólogo, endocrinólogo y nutricionista

A 60-million-year Cenozoic history of western Amazonian ecosystems in Contamana, eastern Peru

Weprovide a synopsis of ~60million years of life history in Neotropical lowlands, based on a comprehensive survey of the Cenozoic deposits along the Quebrada Cachiyacu near Contamana in PeruvianAmazonia. The 34 fossilbearing localities identified have yielded a diversity of fossil remains, including vertebrates,mollusks, arthropods, plant fossils, and microorganisms, ranging from the early Paleocene to the lateMiocene–?Pliocene (N20 successive levels). This Cenozoic series includes the base of the Huchpayacu Formation (Fm.; early Paleocene; lacustrine/ fluvial environments; charophyte-dominated assemblage), the Pozo Fm. (middle + ?late Eocene; marine then freshwater environments; most diversified biomes), and complete sections for the Chambira Fm. (late Oligocene–late early Miocene; freshwater environments; vertebrate-dominated faunas), the Pebas Fm. (late early to early late Miocene; freshwater environments with an increasing marine influence; excellent fossil record), and Ipururo Fm. (late Miocene–?Pliocene; fully fluvial environments; virtually no fossils preserved). At least 485 fossil species are recognized in the Contamana area (~250 ‘plants’, ~212 animals, and 23 foraminifera). Based on taxonomic lists from each stratigraphic interval, high-level taxonomic diversity remained fairly constant throughout themiddle Eocene–Miocene interval (8-12 classes), ordinal diversity fluctuated to a greater degree, and family/species diversity generally declined, with a drastic drop in the early Miocene. The Paleocene–?Pliocene fossil assemblages from Contamana attest at least to four biogeographic histories inherited from (i) Mesozoic Gondwanan times, (ii) the Panamerican realm prior to (iii) the time of South America’s Cenozoic “splendid isolation”, and (iv) Neotropical ecosystems in the Americas. No direct evidence of any North American terrestrial immigrant has yet been recognized in the Miocene record at Contamana.Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Muse

The origin and speciation of orchids

SummaryOrchids constitute one of the most spectacular radiations of flowering plants. However, their origin, spread across the globe, and hotspots of speciation remain uncertain due to the lack of an up-to-date phylogeographic analysis.We present a new Orchidaceae phylogeny based on combined high-throughput and Sanger sequencing data, covering all five subfamilies, 17/22 tribes, 40/49 subtribes, 285/736 genera, and c. 7% (1921) of the 29 524 accepted species, and use it to infer geographic range evolution, diversity, and speciation patterns by adding curated geographical distributions from the World Checklist of Vascular Plants.The orchids' most recent common ancestor is inferred to have lived in Late Cretaceous Laurasia. The modern range of Apostasioideae, which comprises two genera with 16 species from India to northern Australia, is interpreted as relictual, similar to that of numerous other groups that went extinct at higher latitudes following the global climate cooling during the Oligocene. Despite their ancient origin, modern orchid species diversity mainly originated over the last 5 Ma, with the highest speciation rates in Panama and Costa Rica.These results alter our understanding of the geographic origin of orchids, previously proposed as Australian, and pinpoint Central America as a region of recent, explosive speciation

Admixture in Latin America: Geographic Structure, Phenotypic Diversity and Self-Perception of Ancestry Based on 7,342 Individuals

The current genetic makeup of Latin America has been shaped by a history of extensive admixture between Africans, Europeans and Native Americans, a process taking place within the context of extensive geographic and social stratification. We estimated individual ancestry proportions in a sample of 7,342 subjects ascertained in five countries (Brazil, Chile, Colombia, México and Perú). These individuals were also characterized for a range of physical appearance traits and for self-perception of ancestry. The geographic distribution of admixture proportions in this sample reveals extensive population structure, illustrating the continuing impact of demographic history on the genetic diversity of Latin America. Significant ancestry effects were detected for most phenotypes studied. However, ancestry generally explains only a modest proportion of total phenotypic variation. Genetically estimated and self-perceived ancestry correlate significantly, but certain physical attributes have a strong impact on self-perception and bias self-perception of ancestry relative to genetically estimated ancestry

Cause of Death and Predictors of All-Cause Mortality in Anticoagulated Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation : Data From ROCKET AF

M. Kaste on työryhmän ROCKET AF Steering Comm jäsen.Background-Atrial fibrillation is associated with higher mortality. Identification of causes of death and contemporary risk factors for all-cause mortality may guide interventions. Methods and Results-In the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF) study, patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation were randomized to rivaroxaban or dose-adjusted warfarin. Cox proportional hazards regression with backward elimination identified factors at randomization that were independently associated with all-cause mortality in the 14 171 participants in the intention-to-treat population. The median age was 73 years, and the mean CHADS(2) score was 3.5. Over 1.9 years of median follow-up, 1214 (8.6%) patients died. Kaplan-Meier mortality rates were 4.2% at 1 year and 8.9% at 2 years. The majority of classified deaths (1081) were cardiovascular (72%), whereas only 6% were nonhemorrhagic stroke or systemic embolism. No significant difference in all-cause mortality was observed between the rivaroxaban and warfarin arms (P=0.15). Heart failure (hazard ratio 1.51, 95% CI 1.33-1.70, P= 75 years (hazard ratio 1.69, 95% CI 1.51-1.90, P Conclusions-In a large population of patients anticoagulated for nonvalvular atrial fibrillation, approximate to 7 in 10 deaths were cardiovascular, whereasPeer reviewe

Espacio y territorios: razón, pasión e imaginarios

En este caleidoscopio de acercamientos hacia lo espacial y territorial, las visiones se mueven desde aquellas románticas y existencialistas, pasando por aquellas objetivistas y positivistas, hasta las estructuralistas y postestructuralistas. Por el espacio y el territorio se interesan con enfoques diversos numerosas disciplinas, desde la psicología, la etología o la literatura, y las ciencias naturales como la biología o la ecología, hasta las ciencias sociales y políticas, como la geografía, la antropología, la economía y la sociología. Este interés multidisciplinario demuestra la importancia y la complejidad del tema espacial y territorial, y reclama la necesidad de su estudio y comprensión interdisciplinarios, como se intenta con esta publicación

The PREDICTS database: a global database of how local terrestrial biodiversity responds to human impacts

Biodiversity continues to decline in the face of increasing anthropogenic pressures such as habitat destruction, exploitation, pollution and introduction of alien species. Existing global databases of species’ threat status or population time series are dominated by charismatic species. The collation of datasets with broad taxonomic and biogeographic extents, and that support computation of a range of biodiversity indicators, is necessary to enable better understanding of historical declines and to project – and avert – future declines. We describe and assess a new database of more than 1.6 million samples from 78 countries representing over 28,000 species, collated from existing spatial comparisons of local-scale biodiversity exposed to different intensities and types of anthropogenic pressures, from terrestrial sites around the world. The database contains measurements taken in 208 (of 814) ecoregions, 13 (of 14) biomes, 25 (of 35) biodiversity hotspots and 16 (of 17) megadiverse countries. The database contains more than 1% of the total number of all species described, and more than 1% of the described species within many taxonomic groups – including flowering plants, gymnosperms, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, beetles, lepidopterans and hymenopterans. The dataset, which is still being added to, is therefore already considerably larger and more representative than those used by previous quantitative models of biodiversity trends and responses. The database is being assembled as part of the PREDICTS project (Projecting Responses of Ecological Diversity In Changing Terrestrial Systems – www.predicts.org.uk). We make site-level summary data available alongside this article. The full database will be publicly available in 2015

4to. Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad. Memoria académica

Este volumen acoge la memoria académica de la Cuarta edición del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad, CITIS 2017, desarrollado entre el 29 de noviembre y el 1 de diciembre de 2017 y organizado por la Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS) en su sede de Guayaquil. El Congreso ofreció un espacio para la presentación, difusión e intercambio de importantes investigaciones nacionales e internacionales ante la comunidad universitaria que se dio cita en el encuentro. El uso de herramientas tecnológicas para la gestión de los trabajos de investigación como la plataforma Open Conference Systems y la web de presentación del Congreso http://citis.blog.ups.edu.ec/, hicieron de CITIS 2017 un verdadero referente entre los congresos que se desarrollaron en el país. La preocupación de nuestra Universidad, de presentar espacios que ayuden a generar nuevos y mejores cambios en la dimensión humana y social de nuestro entorno, hace que se persiga en cada edición del evento la presentación de trabajos con calidad creciente en cuanto a su producción científica. Quienes estuvimos al frente de la organización, dejamos plasmado en estas memorias académicas el intenso y prolífico trabajo de los días de realización del Congreso Internacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación para la Sociedad al alcance de todos y todas

Caracterización del gen de la citotoxina vacuolizante de Helicobacter pylori a partir de biopsias gástricas de pacientes residentes en Tolima, Colombia Characterization of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating cytotoxin gene in gastric biopsy specimens from patients living in Tolima, Colombia

Helicobacter pylori es una bacteria que coloniza la mucosa gástrica de los humanos. Este microorganismo produce una citotoxina vacuolizante conocida como VacA y codificada por el gen vacA, el que se considera un factor de virulencia importante. Las cepas de H. pylori con diferentes alelos de vacA exhiben una gran variedad de fenotipos, algunos de los cuales han sido asociados con enfermedades gastroduodenales. El presente estudio pretende aportar datos sobre la prevalencia de H. pylori y de los genotipos de vacA en pacientes residentes en Tolima (Colombia), así como determinar la relación entre estos datos y el desarrollo de diferentes patologías gastroduodenales. Se incluyeron en este análisis 73 pacientes con diferentes patologías gástricas. Con el ADN total extraído de cada biopsia, se determinó la presencia de la bacteria mediante la amplificación de un fragmento específico del gen 16S ADNr. También se realizó la genotipificación del gen vacA por PCR. De las 50 muestras genotipificadas, el 52% mostró el alelo vacA s1m1, el 42% el alelo vacA s2m2, el 4% el s1m2 y el 2% los alelos s1,s2,m1,m2. Se evidenció una mayor sensibilidad en la detección de H. pylori por medio del gen vacA que por el gen 16S ADNr. En la población evaluada no se encontró asociación entre el genotipo de vacA y la presencia de las distintas patologías incluidas en este estudio.<br>Helicobacter pylori successfully colonizes the gastric niche. These bacteria produce a vacuolating cytotoxin known as VacA, which is codified by the vacA gene. This protein represents an important virulence factor. H. pylori strains have different vacA alleles, which show a variety of phenotypes that have been associated with gastrointestinal diseases. The aim of this study was to generate data about the prevalence of H. pylori and the vacA genotype in Tolima (Colombia) residents, and to evaluate if there exists a relationship between these data and the development of different gastrointestinal pathologies. Seventy three patients with different pathologies were included. The DNA extracted from biopsy specimens was analyzed and the presence of bacteria was determined by amplifying a fragment of the 16 rDNA gene. The vacA genotype was also determined by PCR. Fifty-two percent out of the 50 genotyped samples showed vacA s1m1 allele, 42% vacA s2m2, 4% s1m2, and 2% s1,s2,m1,m2. A higher sensitivity for the detection of H. pylori was evidenced by amplifying the vacA gene rather than the 16S rDNA gene. No association was found between the vacA genotype and the gastrointestinal diseases included in the study

Detección de ectoparásitos en aves silvestres evaluadas en Medellín (Colombia) Deteccao do ectoparasitas em aves salvagens availadas em Medellin (Colombia) Detection of ectoparasites in wild birds evaluated in Medellin (Colombia)

Algunas especies de artrópodos son causantes de enfermedades en humanos, animales domésticos y silvestres, actuando como vectores biológicos y mecánicos de importantes patógenos; además de los daños directos que ocasionan por sus hábitos alimenticios y de fijación en diferentes partes del cuerpo de sus hospederos. El objetivo de este trabajo fue identificar las diferentes especies de ectoparásitos presentes en las aves silvestres ingresadas al Centro de Atención y Valoración de Fauna Silvestre (CAV) del área metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal, en el cual se analizaron 43 aves infestadas con ectoparásitos que ingresaron al centro, durante el periodo de octubre de 2006 a noviembre de 2007. Se colectaron 202 ectoparásitos de los órdenes Pthiraptera, Diptera y ácaros del orden Parasitiformes (Arachnida). El orden Phthiraptera presentó la mayor diversidad, con 18 especies, todas del grupo Mallophaga. Del orden Diptera se identificó una especie y diez larvas de la familia Muscidae, mientras que en los ácaros se identificaron tres géneros, de los subórdenes: Astigmata y Mesostigmata. Los resultados de este estudio permiten ampliar el rango de hospederos del género Bonnetella a la especie Ramphastos citroelaemus. Además se registra la presencia de Menacanthus eurysternus y Colpocephalum turbinatum en Pelecanus occidentalis y Buteo platypterus. Se recomienda realizar estudios microbiológicos y parasitológicos para identificar las especies patógenas presentes en estos ectoparásitos, que permitan establecer el riesgo de transmisión de enfermedades y proponer medidas de prevención y control de enfermedades zoonóticas.<br>Algumas espécies de artrópodes são causadores de doenças tanto para os humanos como para animais domésticos e silvestres, atuando como vetores biológicos e mecânicos de patogenias importantes, além de causar danos diretos por seus hábitos alimentares e a sua fixação em diferentes partes do corpo do hospedeiro. O objetivo foi identificar as diferentes espécies de ectoparasitas hachados em aves silvestres do "Centro de Atención y Valoración de Fauna Silvestre del area metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá". Foi feito um estudo descritivo longitudinal em 43 aves as quais ingressaram ao Centro infestadas com ectoparasitas desde outubro de 2006 até novembro de 2007. Coletaram-se 202 ectoparasitas das ordens Phthiraptera, Diptera e ácaros da ordem Parasitiformes (Arachnida). A ordem Phthiraptera apresentou a maior diversidade, com 18 espécies todas do grupo Mallophaga, Da ordem Díptera identificou-se uma espécie e dez larvas da família Muscidae, enquanto nos ácaros identificaram-se três gêneros das subordens Astigmata y Mesostigmata. Os resultados do estudo permitem ampliar o rango dos hospedeiros do gênero Bonnetella á espécie Ramphastos citroelaemus. Alem de mais se registra a presencia de Menacanthus eurysternus y Colpocephalum turbinatum em Pelecanus occidentalis y Buteo platypterus. Recomenda-se realizar estudos microbiológicos e parasitológicos para identificar as espécies patogenias presentes nestes ectoparasitas que permitam estabelecer o risco de transmissão de doenças e propor medidas de prevenção e controle de zoonoses.<br>Some arthropod species are vectors of diseases to human's beings, domestic and sylvatic animals acting as biological or mechanical vectors of important pathogens. They produce direct damage due to feeding habits and attachment to different parts of animals and humans bodies. The aim of this study was to identify different species of ectoparasites from wild birds located at "Centro de Atención y Valoración de Fauna Silvestre del area metropolitana del Valle de Aburrá". From October 2006 to November 2007 a descriptive longitudinal study was done in 43 birds infested with ectoparasites. A total of 202 ectoparasites belonging to Diptera and Phthiraptera (Insecta) orders and Parasitiformes mites (Arachnida: Acari) were found.The Phtiraptera order shows the highest diversity with 18 species all of them belonging to Mallophaga group. From Diptera order, one specie was identified and ten larvae from Muscidae family was identified too, from Acari three genera of the Astigmata and Mesostigmata soborders was identified. The results of this study allow us to expand the host range of Bonnetella genera to Ramphastos citroelaemus specie. Also the presence of Menacanthus eurysternus and Colpocephalum turbinatum is registered in Pelecanus occidentalis and Buteo platypterus. The development of microbiological and parasitological studies to identify pathogen species in these ectoparasites is recommended to establish disease transmission risk and prevention and control strategies of zoonotic diseases